English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- Phrasal verbs
Introduction
The studies of decline and yield in the previous two chapters open up the possibility of associating grammar and vocabulary in ways that can improve the description of both. They are both rich in semantic associations. In this chapter and the next, we explore the use of concordances in the descrip- tion of words that are much more frequent than so-called ‘vocabulary words’. They are not normally expected to have a strong lexical environment, but are more asso- ciated with the grammatical end of the spectrum. The objectives are to demonstrate: D7 John Sinclair W O R D S A N D P H R A S E S 227 – how carefully the language is patterned; – how the description is very sensitive to the number of instances of a form; – how criteria for meaning (see Chapter 4) are applied in a specific case. In addition, the relevance of this research to the teaching and learning of English is pointed up by the consideration of a feature of English much dreaded by learners – phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs The choice of an example to illustrate the argument of this chapter was, as usual, partly accidental, and partly deliberate. I was looking for a fairly common, rather dull little word that was comparatively neglected in description and in teaching. I found out by chance that the word set was not well regarded by some experienced teacher–colleagues, and noticed that it got scant treatment in the syllabuses that I was able to examine. The immediate presumption was that it was a difficult word to isolate semantically. ‘What does set mean?’ is hardly a sensible question. It has to be put into context, because in most of its usage it contributes to meaning in combination with other words. Among the many combinations of set are a number of phrasal verbs, such as set about, set in, set off, and these are picked out in language teaching as offering exqui- site problems to the learner. The reason for their causing problems is easily explained. The co-occurrence of two quite common little words can unexpectedly create a fairly subtle new meaning that does not seem to be systematically related to either or both of the original words. The disposition of the words involved, and their syntax, is governed by complex and unpredictable rules. The prospect sounds formidable even for native speakers, yet they not only man- age phrasal verbs with aplomb, but seem to prefer them to single word alternatives. In fact, the whole drift of the historical development of English has been towards the replacement of words by phrases, with word-order acquiring greater significance. Some recent work (Sinclair, Moon et al. 1989) shows that the semantics of phrasal verbs is not as arbitrary as it is often held to be. We usually cite phrasal verbs based on the verb element (give up, give out, give over, etc.). If, instead, we group them by the particle (give over, get over, tide over), it is possible to make sense groupings. It will, however, be a long time before people will routinely look up give over in a dictionary under over rather than give. The presentation in this chapter emphasises the importance of the environment of set in determining the meaning. In the first instance, a particle following raises the prospect of a phrasal verb; then, the other words around help in indicating the precise meaning. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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