English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
Combinations of set + particle
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
Combinations of set + particle
How common are the phrasal verbs with set? Set is particularly rich in making com- binations with words like about, in, up, out, on, off, and these words are themselves very common. As an example, how likely is set off to occur, whether phrasal verb or not? Both are frequent words; off occurs approximately 556 times in a million words. Its prob- ability of being the next word is 0.00055. We must now multiply the probabilities of set and off, because the question we are asking can be roughly rephrased as follows: how likely is off to occur immediately after set? This is approximately 0.00025 × 0.00055, which gives us the minute figure of 0.0000001375. Two important considerations are left out of this calculation, one linguistic and the other statistical. W O R D S A N D P H R A S E S 229 a. the phrasal verb set off can have a noun group inside it, for example: It was the hedge which set the garden off. There are very few of these and so they have little effect on the general numerical argument. b. The assumption behind this calculation is that the words are distributed at random in a text. It is obvious to a linguist that this is not so, and a rough measure of how much set and off attract each other is to compare the probability with what actually happens. In a text of 7.3 million words distributed at random, we might expect 0.0000001375 × 7,300,000 occurrences of set off, that is, one only. Since there are several different phrasal verbs with the form set off and no doubt some occurrences of set followed by off which do not provide an instance of a phrasal verb, we might require a fairly large number of occurrences of the combination of forms to show the characteristic pat- terns. At a frequency of about 1 in 7 million, we would require to collect large amounts of text, running into the hundreds of millions of words. The gloomy picture thus projected by our arithmetic is, in fact, considerably relieved by what we find in actual texts. This is because our initial assumption, that the words are distributed at random, is false. Set off occurs nearly seventy times in the 7.3 million-word corpus, as against the random prediction of only one occurrence. The 70 instances give us enough evidence of the main patterning. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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