English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
Questions, suggestions and issues to consider
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- GRAMMAR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ONLINE DISCUSSION MESSAGES Ann Hewings and Caroline Coffin
- 8.3 A Hybrid Medium
Questions, suggestions and issues to consider
1. What does ‘unmarked’ (on the last line of page 254) mean? 2. How does ‘actor’ relate to the semantic roles of subject that Berk discusses in D8? 3. Look at the rearrangement in this example. What names have we given to the processes involved? This teapot my aunt was given by the duke. 4. Take a short text and try to identify the subjects, actors and themes in it. (a) my aunt was given this teapot by the duke Theme Actor Subject (b) this teapot the duke gave to my aunt Theme Subject Actor (c) by the duke my aunt was given this teapot Theme Subject Actor Figure 2-14 Different conflations of Subject, Actor and Theme 256 E X T E N S I O N GRAMMAR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ONLINE DISCUSSION MESSAGES Ann Hewings and Caroline Coffin (2004) reprinted from Applying English Grammar, Caroline Coffin, Ann Hewings and Kieran O’Halloran (eds), London: Arnold, pp. 137–143. In this research article, Hewings and Coffin investigate computer-mediated communication (CMC). Although it is written language, it has many of the features of speech, and their basic aim is to see to whether it is more similar to speech or writing. For this purpose they compiled a corpus of conference messages posted by students regarding an assignment, and a corpus of the essays written for that assignment. For the sake of comparison, they also used data from the conversa- tion and academic prose corpora from the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (Biber et al. 1999). These were then compared according to two measures thought to be indicative of the spoken/ written distinction: the frequency of personal pronouns, and the frequency of coordinating con- junctions. The results are shown below. The paper has been greatly shortened; two general sections from the beginning – 8.1 (Intro- duction) and 8.2 (Background to this Study) – have been omitted, as well as further findings and the conclusion. 8.3 A Hybrid Medium The premise on which this research project was based was that communication be- tween tutors and students using CMC would be influenced by the medium itself and that CMC as a new and evolving medium would affect the way learning took place. At its simplest, the medium of communication is characterised in terms of whether the language is spoken or written. Studies such as those by Biber and associates (1999), Carter and McCarthy (e.g. 1995), Brazil (1995) and Halliday (2002: 323–52) describe grammatical differences that result from the contexts of spoken interaction as opposed to written. Carter and McCarthy go furthest in identifying grammatical realisations associated not just with speech but with specific contexts of use, such as the language used in telling stories, recounting experiences, or casual conversation. Writing too displays grammatical differences which are context-dependent. The choices of both grammar and lexis are likely to be very different between, for instance, a letter to a friend and an essay written for assessment purposes. It is not enough then just to focus on writing or speech as the descriptive categories for ‘medium’. If we are able to identify grammatical choices that are more commonly associated with writing or speech, we should also be able to characterise the grammatical choices made in CMC. However, this is complicated by the fact that CMC can be influenced not just by the medium but by other variables as we mentioned earlier (how well the CMC contributors know each other, their communicative purpose, and the subject matter being discussed). In addition, as Baron notes in relation to e-mail, the speed D12 Ann Hewings and Caroline Coffin G R A M M A R I N T H E C O N S T R U C T I O N O F O N L I N E D I S C U S S I O N M E S S A G E S 257 at which the technology is evolving suggests that people are having to familiarise themselves with a medium that is not yet stable: Email is more a moving linguistic target than a stable system, thereby complicat- ing the problem of constructing a unified grammar of email. Three major sources of fluidity in email bear note: evolution of the technology, growth in usership, and Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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