English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
Methodology 1: Corpus Analysis
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
8.4 Methodology 1: Corpus Analysis
To answer the question ‘Does CMC exhibit differences in grammatical choices from conventional speech or writing?’ we made use of an electronic corpus of texts and concordancing software. We aimed to give an empirical basis to our informal impres- sions that electronic messages in the conference environment show similarities with speech even though they are in fact written text. To make comparisons between speech, writing, and CMC we collected both CMC messages and conventional written essays from students and made use of a published source of conversational data described below. The messages sent to the conferences and written as essays formed a ‘corpus’, a collection of texts, that could be examined using the computer software WordSmitH Tools (Scott, 1996). Two sub-corpora were prepared – the conference messages (142,078 words) and the essays (110,112 words). Texts in both sub-corpora were prepared for analysis by first converting them into rich text format which is readable by the software, and then by tidying up the resultant files. For example, some HTML characters had become embedded in the conference text messages and these were deleted. Where people had sent messages as attachments these were opened and also included in the sub-corpus. The corpus as a whole was left as plain text, that is, it was not grammatically tagged so only words and not parts of speech could be searched for. In addition to this corpus we also made use of the detailed corpus analysis carried out by Biber et al. (1999) published as the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (LGSWE). The LGSWE is prefaced on the understanding that gram- matical features vary in different contexts and under different circumstances. This is illustrated throughout by comparing the distribution of different grammatical features among groups of texts classified as the registers of conversation, fiction, news and academic prose. For the purposes of this study, we use the LGSWE findings for con- versation to allow comparisons across spoken, written, and CMC interactions. We also give their figures for grammatical structures in academic prose as representative of writing similar to, or more formal than, our student essay data. The first task was to ascertain whether or not the written conference composi- tions represented the spoken-written hybrid reported in emails/CMC by Baron. This would enable us to see whether communication in the conferences showed any evidence of the dialogue and interaction that take place in face-to-face tutorials or whether they were more typical of academic writing. In general, tutorials are seen as more successful if students interact with each other as well as the tutor and reflect on their learning. Two simple measures of interactivity were used relating to pronouns and coordinators. The first was based on the findings of Collot and Belmore (1996) and Yates (1996) (summarised in Table 8.2) on personal pronoun usage. In spoken interaction there is greater use of personal pronouns such as I and we, so if the G R A M M A R I N T H E C O N S T R U C T I O N O F O N L I N E D I S C U S S I O N M E S S A G E S 259 interaction taking place has spoken-like qualities, pronoun usage is likely to be higher than in traditional written academic prose. A second comparison was based on the findings reported in the LGSWE, which identified marked differences in the distribu- tion of common coordinators (and, but and or) between conversation and academic prose. Both pronouns and coordinators are relatively easy to measure numerically using corpus analysis software and comparisons were made between the CMC and essay data collected for this research and between the findings reported in LGSWE. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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