English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
Results and Discussion 1
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
8.5 Results and Discussion 1
All personal pronouns and corresponding possessive and reflexive forms (with the exception of it, its, itself ) were counted in the conference messages and essays sub- corpora. The raw figures were converted into frequencies per million words to make them comparable with each other and with the data provided by graphs in LGSWE. Table 8.2 shows the comparison between first and second person pronoun usage between the conferences and essays sub-corpora. Table 8.2 Frequencies of first and second person personal pronouns First and second person pronouns Conference messages Essays Total no. of occurrences 6515 1544 No. per million words 45,862 14,022 The findings support the summary of evidence given by Baron in Table 8.1 above: that first and second person pronoun use is much higher in email/conference messages than in academic prose. Despite the writing being by the same people and on the same topics, first and second person pronouns are three times more common in the conference messages, indicating that interpersonal interactivity in the conference is high. Biber et al. (1999) in LGSWE do not break down their data on pronoun usage in conversation and academic prose to first and second person versus third person. Their statistics indicate only overall usage of personal pronouns. LGSWE data contains all personal and reflexive pronouns, including it, its and itself. To make our data more comparable it was therefore necessary to include third person pronouns. However, we stopped short of including it, its, and itself for two reasons. First, personal pronouns are used as an indicator of the more personal and involved stance of the author. Pronouns such as I or you are therefore of importance, whereas it is likely to be less significant. Second, it has functions other than just as a personal pronoun (see Chapter 6 by Hewings and Hewings, this volume). It would have been necessary to edit concordance lines manually for non-personal pronoun uses of it and then to run the frequency counts. Had the corpus been grammatically tagged, as was that used by Biber et al. (1999), this procedure could have been automated. The personal pronoun com- parison with our corpora needs therefore to be treated as a very rough guide only. 260 E X T E N S I O N Table 8.3 Frequencies of personal pronouns Personal pronouns Conference messages Essays conversation LGSWE academic LGSWE prose Total no. of occurrences 8657 3692 – – No. per million words 60,931 33,529 138,000 (approx) 18,000 (approx) The results in Table 8.3 show the same general trends in the data as we observed in Table 8.2, but the variation between conference messages and essays is not as great as that between conversation and academic prose. This finding supports the descrip- tion of CMC messages as a spoken–written hybrid. The conference messages show features of speech in that pronoun usage indicates a personal dialogue between participants. However, as they are written forms and the interactants are not in a face-to-face context, the contrasts are not as marked as the LGSWE findings. The research by Biber et al. also identities a difference in the use of common coordinators (and, but, and or) in different registers. And is the most frequent coordinator, linking both phrases and clauses throughout their corpus, but it is, surprisingly, less frequent in conversation than in academic prose. Example 1 from the academic prose sub-corpus used by LGSWE (Biber et al., 1999: 83) shows both uses. The first and third uses serve to link phrases (and potassium, and iron) whereas the second and fourth uses serve to link clauses (and those which are, and are transferred). 1. A distinction is needed between elements, which include nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are mobile in the phloem and those which are compara- tively immobile, for example, calcium, boron and iron, and are transferred only slowly to the developing organ. The authors of LGSWE suggest that and is less frequent in conversation than in academic prose because in conversation phrases are simpler and do not need coor- dination. In contrast, but occurs more frequently in conversation because, although it cannot be used to coordinate noun phrases, it serves to string together clauses in which ideas are contrasted without too much pre-planning. But allows the speaker to modify a statement (example 2) and others to disagree (example 3): 2. I think he will have salad but he doesn’t like tomatoes. 3. A: The golden rule is if you’re reversing you must look behind you! B: Yeah, but she said she did. (Biber et al., 1999: 82) Or is the least frequent of the coordinators but is relatively more common in academic prose. This may be because academic discourse frequently considers alternatives (example 4) and explains terminology (example 5): G R A M M A R I N T H E C O N S T R U C T I O N O F O N L I N E D I S C U S S I O N M E S S A G E S 261 4. Such movements may come from local or regional deformation of the land or from a global rise or fall of sea level. 5. According to Chamberlain and Moulton, these broke into small chunks, or planetesimals, which went flying as cold bodies into orbits around the Sun. (Biber et al., 1999: 82) Frequencies for and, but, and or were obtained in our two sub-corpora and the results made comparable with those in LGSWE (see Table 8.4). Table 8.4 Frequencies of simple coordinators (per million words) Occurrences/ million words Conference messages Essays LGSWE conversation LGSWE academic prose and 24,000 34,783 20,000 (approx) 27,000 (approx) but 4237 2942 7000 (approx) 3000 (approx) or 3829 5030 2000 (approx) 6000 (approx) Again, we found that trends are similar. And and or are used less frequently in confer- ence messages and conversation than in essays and academic prose. But is used more frequently in conference messages and conversation than in essays and academic prose. However, as would be expected, given the differences between the corpora, the proportions differ. In interpreting these comparisons we need to be careful regarding the findings concerning and. LGSWE notes that in conversation 80 per cent of occurrences of and are to link phrases (single nouns or noun phrases) such as in ‘individual personalities Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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