English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
A7.2 Contractions
As we have already seen in A6 and B6, in spoken English (and informal written Eng lish) it is normal to ‘contract’ not and certain auxiliaries. The following contractions are common: Table A7.2.1 Common contractions BE HAVE Modals Negation full form am are is have has had will would not contracted form -’m -’re -’s -’ve -’s -’d -’ll -’d -n’t The auxiliary contractions are joined to the subject of the verb: He’s . . . etc. Note that ’s and ’d appear more than once as contractions, so He’s done is potentially ambiguous. It could represent He has done or He is done, though other factors will clarify the situation. The auxiliary contractions, apart from ’s, are normally used only after subject pronouns (including there); thus The dog’s outside. (= is) The cat’s broken the vase. (= has) We’d already finished. (= had) He’d like to eat it. (= would) However, the dog’d like to eat it would be unlikely. Note also that does can also be contracted in casual spoken English: What’s he mean? Here ’s stands for does. Thus all three primary auxiliaries can be abbreviated to -’s. The negative contraction -n’t may be used with all auxiliaries (e.g. haven’t, wouldn’t), apart from am and may (‘mayn’t’ is occasionally found; ‘amn’t’ is not). There are three irregular forms: won’t, shan’t and can’t (rather than ‘willn’t’, ‘shalln’t’ and ‘cann’t’). Negative contractions are also found with be and (sometimes) have when used as main verbs: She isn’t happy / They haven’t a clue (though They don’t have / haven’t got a clue would be more usual). V A R Y I N G T H E V E R B P H R A S E 43 Thus in negatives of auxiliaries there are two possibilities: to contract the auxiliary She’s not coming. or to contract the negative She isn’t coming. But it is unusual to contract both: ‘She’sn’t coming’. Expand these contractions into their full forms: 1. She’s satisfied. 2. We’ll be there soon. 3. I’d rather stay at home. 4. I couldn’t’ve done it without your help. 5. She’s satisfied the examiners. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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