Environmental performance of the innovative, patented mixing system in an agricultural biogas plant based on lca approach
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1. Introduction
The transition to a low-carbon economy requires intensive devel- opment of new innovative energy and fuel production technologies. One of the actions taken towards a circular economy is the Green Deal announced in 2019, which assumes the EU climate-neutrality by 2050 (COM/2020/98). The achievement of this objective involves specific actions related to, inter alia, decarbonisation of the energy sector and the development of environmentally friendly technologies, including renewable energy production facilities ( Dawid, 2019 ). Modern agricul- ture is faced with high requirements, such as the production of healthy and high-quality food while maintaining the profitability of production, rational management of natural resources and limiting pressure on the environment. New technical and technological solutions help to improve energy efficiency in agriculture, which is not only an energy consumer but also has the potential to produce renewable energy. According to Negri et al. (2014) biogas production is primarily based on the anaerobic digestion of cereal silage, with the maize silage being the most used and the ear of the plant being the most significant part for biogas production. Due to its high starch content, the ear of maize has a greater biogas production than the whole plant silage ( Negri et al., 2014 ). Numerous crops can be used as substrates for biogas production including other crops such as wheat straw and energy crops willow and miscanthus due to their methane potential. The benefits can vary depending on the substrate, but in the case of the agricultural biogas plant where the pilot biogas plant was constructed, the specifics of the farm, which was characterised by pig production, were taken into ac- count. The biogas plant was a solution to the problem of slurry man- agement. A new solution for mixing the fermentation pulp was simultaneously applied. This solution increased the efficiency of biogas production. The Polish model for the development of agricultural biogas plants is heading towards the use of waste products from farms (slurry, liquid manure) and agri-food processing plants in biogas production. The agrarian structure of agriculture in Poland favours the development of small biogas plants with a capacity ranging from 10 to 200 kW e ( Biogas Report in Poland, 2020) using substrates from animal produc- tion. As for every animal farm exceeding 100 livestock units, an agri- cultural biogas plant should naturally supplement the production cycle. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: e.jedrusiak@itp.edu.pl (E. Wrzesi´nska-Jędrusiak). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Cleaner Production journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131420 Received 18 June 2021; Received in revised form 10 March 2022; Accepted 17 March 2022 Journal of Cleaner Production 349 (2022) 131420 2 By closing the nutrient cycle in agriculture through the use of an agri- cultural biogas plant aimed at recycling natural fertilizers, it is possible to effectively manage biogenic elements, and thus, limit their losses and reduce the negative impact of the farm on the natural environment. To date, about 30 micro-biogas plants that solely use slurry have been constructed in Poland. Biogas is one of the renewable energy carriers that have already been well recognised and the technologies developed allow for its stable production ( Atelge et al., 2020 ). However, the current aim is to find innovative solutions for increasing the efficiency of biogas production ( Wrzesi´nska-Jędrusiak et al., 2020a,b ), reducing energy consumption, environmental impact or the use of various raw materials in the methane fermentation process ( Voytovych et al., 2020 ). An important element of the profitability and feasibility analyses of new projects is the environ- mental impact assessment. More frequently, it also applies to technol- ogies with a potentially beneficial impact on climate change ( Muradin et al., 2018 ). Any change in the state of the environment may harm both the ecosystem and human health. Biogas plants are designed to be environmentally friendly ( Vu et al., 2015 ). However, such investments may also affect the natural environment in various ways ( Fusi et al., 2016 ). Hence the assessment of this impact is necessary to continuously improve and implement pro-environmental investments. Environmental effects can be measured by different techniques. The most advanced tool for this purpose is the LCA (PN-EN-ISO 14040). This tool was previously developed for ecological assessments of industrial production processes. Currently, its improved version is widely used in the environmental analysis of many production processes and products. It is based on the standards of the international ISO organisation which guarantees the comparability and transfer of LCA results to similar processes and objects. According to ISO 14040-44, the LCA is used to collect inventory data, id est inputs and outputs, and quantify potential environmental impacts of the product system during its life cycle. The LCA technique allows for the assessment of the environmental loads associated with a product, process or activity by quantifying the energy and materials used and the waste released into the environment, to identify opportunities for improvement ( Hijazi et al., 2016 ). The environmental impact assessment of agricultural biogas plants fuelled by maize silage, cattle manure and by-products from the agri- food industry showed their positive environmental impact ( Mezzullo et al., 2013 ). The environmental impact of the biogas plant in the selected region or country was also considered ( Van Stappen et al., 2016 ). It can also vary considerably depending on variable factors such as raw materials applied, a type of energy service provided, a location and a reference system ( Van Stappen et al., 2016 ). Studies on the environmental impact of natural biogas production systems are discussed in the relevant literature ( De Vries et al., 2012 ). Moreover, the research identified the most sensitive, polluting processes or stages of biogas systems, the so-called hot spots, which include: transport of biomass ( Muradin and Kulczycka, 2020 ), cultivation of plants for energy purposes and management of digestate ( Poeschl et al., 2012 ). The magnitude of the environmental impact of the biogas plant may vary not only according to the selection of substrate or region but may also result from methodological differences in the approach to LCA testing, such as different functional units or accepted system boundaries. The type of raw material fermented in the biogas plant can be a decisive factor impacting the environmental effect of biogas systems ( Fuchsz and Kohlheb, 2015 ). The results of an LCA for biogas systems for different agricultural substrates may also depend on the method of allocating environmental loads to specific products, e.g. for energy production ( Hijazi et al., 2016 ) or production and use of digestate ( Timonen et al., 2019 ). The LCA of agricultural biogas plants available in reference literature primarily pertains to the methane fermentation of raw materials such as arable crops (including energy ones) and animal faeces ( Wagner et al., 2019 ). The Life Cycle Assessment of the biogas plant fuelled by pig manure with other agro-industrial wastes (molasses, fish, biodiesel and vinegar production residues) and the biogas plant solely fuelled by pig manure showed that the assessed biogas plant scenarios showed a negative impact in four of the six selected impact categories (acidifica- tion, eutrophication, global warming and photochemical oxidation po- tential). For the other two categories (abiotic potential and ozone depletion potential), the analysis showed the benefits of replacing fossil fuels with biogas ( Croxatto Vega et al., 2014 ). CO 2 emissions from biogas plants may be lower than the average emissions from conven- tional electricity generation ( De Vries et al., 2012 ). The development of technologies for the production of biogas from agricultural biomass enables the management of waste biomass and its conversion to energy and agricultural fertiliser. Biogas production pri- marily depends on the type, quantity and quality of the substrates fed. The substrate is mostly selected based on its availability to the biotechnological system. Solid and liquid animal manure is produced on livestock farms. These are mainly cattle and pig and poultry faeces. Monosubstrate biogas plants use the slurry from pigs and cows kept in a litter-free system on slatted floors. Important LCA studies regarding mono-digestion were featured by Lij´o et al. (2015) where three different plants were compared due to the different input of materials: pig slurry, maize silage or both materials in the co-digestion process. The lowest environmental burdens were noted for AD plants using the mono-digestion process of a pig slurry due to the maize straw production processes that were included in the system boundary ( Lij´o et al., 2015 ). The environment of methane fermentation is characterised by ranges of successive parameters that can be divided into two groups environ- mental parameters and process parameters ( Myczko et al., 2011 ). Environmental parameters have a great impact on the course of indi- vidual stages of methane fermentation and determine the amount of biogas obtained and the level of methane content. The process param- eters are as follows: volume load, hydraulic retention time (HRT), dy- namic volume balance, biogas composition, and mixing. Of the aforesaid factors, suspension mixing is a very crucial parameter that has a sig- nificant impact on the efficiency of the biogas plant, both in terms of biogas quality and energy consumption. In general, mixing contributes to achieving substrate homogeneity and the uniform distribution of nutrients, pH values and temperature in the digester ( Singh et al., 2020 ). Significant aspects of mixing are its intensity and duration. The intensity depends on the mixing technology applied. Depending on the design of the fermentation chamber and the type of substrate three different mixing techniques can be used: mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic. For mechanical mixing, substrates are mixed by recirculating the con- tents of the fermentation chamber. Impellers are rotated when immersed in the suspension ( Zhao et al., 2017 ). Mechanical mixing is the most popular type currently applied in Europe. Various types of propellers and stirrers are applied to homogenise the contents of the fermentation tank. Moreover, mechanical mixing consumes the most energy per tank volume ( Lemmer et al., 2013 ). Another method of mixing the contents of fermentation tanks is to use a fermentation liquid – hydraulic mixing. For this type of mixing, a substrate is pumped into the digester by a pumping system through adjustable nozzles that can inlet the liquid at a suitable angle adjustable both horizontally and vertically. Hydraulic mixing requires pumps for mixing biodegradable substrates ( Weiland, 2009 ). On the other hand, pneumatic mixing (gas lifting) is affected by the produced biogas that is compressed and then pumped through the entire volume of the fermentation chamber for mixing ( Thorin et al., 2012 ). In the tested biogas plant, the batch was mixed with a hybrid pump (hydraulic – pneumatic) that mixes the contents of the digester with raw biogas and fermenting biomass ( Fig. 1 A, B) ( Myczko et al., 2019 ). The digester enables the process of fermentation, its control and adjustment. It is designed vertically on four pillars. The hybrid pump inside the tank ensures the circulation of the fermenting mass and auxiliary mixing of digester contents with biogas. The heating medium is hot water taken Download 4.03 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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