Environmental performance of the innovative, patented mixing system in an agricultural biogas plant based on lca approach
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Fig. 1. Interior of the designed digester with a hybrid pump (as per the MEGA company) A. Cross-section of the digester. B. Hybrid pump installed in the digester.
E. Wrzesi´nska-Jędrusiak et al. Journal of Cleaner Production 349 (2022) 131420 4 impact categories. Additionally, a CED-based energy efficiency analysis was carried out to show differences in the primary energy demand of the biogas plant by using both mixing systems. 2.2. Biogas plant system description The analysed biogas plant is located on a pig farm (approximately 300 LSU) in the Wielkopolska Province, in Poland. A monosubstrate biogas plant was constructed on the farm. The region and the repre- sentative pig farm were selected due to the potential for livestock slurry in the region, and thus the potential for biogas production. The neigh- bouring provinces of Wielkopolska (36,4%), Mazowieckie (11.2%), Ł´ odzkie (9.9%) and Kujawsko-Pomorskie (9.7%) had the largest share in the pig population ( Statistics Poland, 2022 ). The biogas plant consists of a pig slurry storage tank with a volume of 30 m 3 into which slurry is delivered directly from channels located under the slatted floor of the pig house, and then it is fed into a fermentation tank with a total volume of 30 m 3 . The produced biogas is supplied to a biogas interim storage tank with a maximum active volume of 20 m 3 , and digestate is fed to a digestate tank with a volume of 100 m 3 . The stored biogas is fed to a 19.2 kW e cogeneration unit with an energy efficiency of 35%. The lifespan of the installation was considered 20 years. The fermentation tank is equipped with an innovative mixing system comprising a hybrid pump designed under the Institute of Technology and Life Sciences patent No 232162, ( Myczko and Sawi´nski, 2017 ), which enables the substrate to be mixed by raising the liquid with raw biogas taken directly from above the surface of the fermenting biomass, with an option to spread it in the contents of the fermentation tank. In turn, the tank equipped with the patented pump comprises a diffuser located at the outlet of the suction pipe. The research was carried out during the biotechnological monitoring of an agricultural biogas plant fed with slurry. Process monitoring consisted of regular testing of the substrate samples taken from the digester and biogas samples. The results obtained were the basis for the optimal selection of the digester substrate load and the determination of technological parameters which guarantee stable and efficient biogas production at the highest level. The following values were determined in the substrate samples: pH, dry weight, dry organic matter and total Kjeldahl nitrogen. The composition of biogas was characterised using the biogas analyser type Biogas 5000 Geotechnical Instruments - in the measuring range: CH 4 (0–100%), CO 2 (0–100%), O 2 (0–20%) and H 2 S (0–1000 ppm) ( Wrzesi´nska-Jędrusiak et al., 2020a,b ). Average slurry parameters fluctuate around 4% of dry matter content with a median of 3.0% of dry matter and have some variability. The average content of organic dry matter, which is slightly less variable, is around 70–75% dry matter. With the low slurry parameters during process monitoring, with a short retention time of 9 days, it was possible to produce biogas containing as much as 70% methane. To achieve the integrated prevention and control of pollution that results in a high level of protection for the environment as a whole, a technology for biogas production in the digester using the hybrid pump described in patent No. 232162 was developed ( Myczko and Sawi´nski, 2017 ). The pump design enables it to operate in various liquid media such as homogeneous liquids and liquids with high solid content. The pump can be employed to pump, mix, circulate between the tanks, for example, to separate sludge. Depending on the process requirements, a pump of this design can operate as a mammoth pump, a geyser pump or a hybrid pump. The automatic control system can switch operations to a geyser mode or a hybrid system. The times of each operation mode can be adjusted as required. The fermentation tank and the built-in pump constitute an integral whole, cooperating with external components of the biogas plant. The mixing of an organic substrate is a key factor that improves the efficiency of the anaerobic fermentation process, allowing the biogas yield to be increased by 50% ( Karim et al., 2005 ). The fermentation substrate is minimally mixed when its fresh portion is added. It is caused by thermal convection currents and the rising of biogas bubbles. This is passive mixing that cannot be conducted without active (mechanical) support for the fermenting pulp mixing process. The pump mixing comprises mixing the contents of tanks by using the fermentation liquid. The substrate is pumped into the digester using the pump system through adjustable nozzles that can inlet the liquid at a suitable angle adjustable both horizontally and vertically. 2.3. System boundaries and functional unit The system boundaries covered the process of generating electricity from biogas from the slurry storage stage to the generation of electricity in the cogeneration unit, the so-called “gate-to-gate” range of the tested product ( Fig. 3 ). The research did not include the slurry production stage as the environmental loads related to this stage were incorporated into another system - pig farming. Further, the research did not pertain to the construction, commissioning and disposal of the biogas plant. The analysis only applies to the operational stage of the plant. Due to the estimated negligible environmental impact, the research did not include any secondary processes, id est sampling for testing, recovery and recuperation of the deposit for desulphurisation, etc. This primarily re- sults from the fact that for both types of mixing these processes are identical and their significance is marginal. The research did not take into account digestate management. The environmental impacts that relate to the application of digestate in fields can also be taken into consideration in the pig farming process, as avoided emissions due to the direct application of slurry in fields and the use of artificial fertilisers. For the CED and primary energy demand, calculations were conducted for the entire lifetime of the analysed product, including all naturally Download 4.03 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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