Extraction of proteins from the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus br003 followed by lipid extraction of the wet deproteinized biomass using hexane and ethyl acetate
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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Bioresource Technology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biortech Extraction of proteins from the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus BR003 followed by lipid extraction of the wet deproteinized biomass using hexane and ethyl acetate Matheus Lopes Amorim a , Jimmy Soares a , Bruno Bezerra Vieira b , Willian Batista-Silva c , Marcio Arêdes Martins a , ⁎ a Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil b Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil c Department of Plant Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: Microlagae biore finery Co-products Solvent recovery Emulsion Tetradesmus obliquus A B S T R A C T A current problem of the lipid extraction from wet biomass is the formation of emulsions during the mixing of the microalgal biomass and organic solvents. It has been suggested that microalgal proteins play an important role in the formation and stability of such emulsions. Herein, the extraction of proteins of the freshwater mi- croalga Scenedesmus obliquus BR003 was optimized for further extraction of lipids from the wet deproteinized biomass. The optimal (pH 12 at 60 °C for 3 h) and moderate (pH 10.5 at 50 °C for 2 h) conditions of protein extraction resulted in protein yields of 20.6% and 15.4%, respectively. Wet lipid extraction of deproteinized biomass resulted in a less stable emulsion that released twice the solvent than the control biomass. However, the faster separation of phases that occurred during the wet lipid extraction of the deproteinized biomass resulted in a lipid yield twice lower than the control biomass. 1. Introduction The introduction of microalgae as a novel crop in modern agri- culture might increase the production of food, green chemicals, and advanced biofuels in a more sustainable manner. Microalgae farming can be performed in non-arable lands and water sources that are not suitable for conventional crops ( Mata et al., 2010 ). Moreover, microalgae farming can be developed based on environmental-friendly processes based on the use of anthropic emissions like carbon dioxide and wastewaters. However, the insertion of a novel biomass, such as microalgae, in the market is a long-term process that requires the im- provement of strains ( Sarayloo et al., 2018 ), development of novel processes ( Sierra et al., 2017 ), massive investments ( Benemann, 2013 ), and fair legislation for algae farmers and consumers. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123190 Received 25 January 2020; Received in revised form 12 March 2020; Accepted 13 March 2020 ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: aredes@ufv.br (M.A. Martins). Bioresource Technology 307 (2020) 123190 Available online 17 March 2020 0960-8524/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Microalgae strains can present fast accumulation of lipids, carbo- hydrates, proteins, pigments, vitamins, and antioxidants ( Chandra et al., 2019 ). However, the production of microalgae is mostly targeted for the food market ( Benemann, 2013 ), while other applications of microalgae rely on the development of upstream and downstream processes adequate for commercial applications. A great e ffort has been made over the last decades to convert the biomass of microalgae in advanced biofuels ( Benemann, 2013 ), but the production costs still high when compared to fossil fuels ( Sun et al., 2019 ). The biore fining is certainly the most promising strategy to unveil the commercial poten- tial of microalgae. However, the biore fining of microalgae is still under scrutiny and the current processes are economically unattractive. The production of advanced biofuels from microalgae is not feasible due to the high consumption of energy to dry the biomass and extract its lipids ( Dasan et al., 2019 ). Thus, the use of wet biomass on lipid extraction might be a better alternative to improve the energetic e ffi- ciency of microalgal biore fineries. However, it was already shown that during the wet lipid extraction with nonpolar solvents occurs the for- mation of an emulsi fied and stable system ( Law et al., 2018 ). The de- mulsi fication of such systems containing wet microalgae and nonpolar solvents is only achieved by high energy-consuming processes, such as centrifugation. Thus, the development of strategies to attenuate the emulsion stability is pivotal for the development of e fficient processes of wet lipid extraction. The di fferent fractions of the microalgal cells play different roles on the stable emulsions formed between wet biomass and nonpolar sol- vents: cell debris and protein-rich serum stabilize the emulsion, while lipids act as a surfactant that lowers the interfacial tension, but does not contribute to the emulsion stability ( Law et al., 2018 ). Indeed, micro- algae proteins show higher emulsifying capacity and emulsion stability than commercial emulsifying proteins like the sodium caseinate and soy protein isolate ( Ursu et al., 2014 ). These functional properties of mi- croalgal proteins show great potential for applications in the food in- dustry; but the emulsion formed by the nonpolar solvent, water, and cellular debris during the wet lipid extraction might be a problem for the production of advanced biofuels ( Law et al., 2017, 2018 ). Interestingly, microalgae species show a very di fferent number of proteins, for example, Haematococcus pluvialis shows 18,545 protein- coding genes, while Chlorella strains show 9349 to 10,240 of these genes ( Luo et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2019 ). Therefore, it is important to evaluate the e ffect of dispersible proteins of different microalgae spe- cies on the formation of emulsions, as well as the screening of strains with adequate traits for biore fining because microalgae strains show di fferent emulsifying abilities ( Teuling et al., 2019 ). There is only one study addressing the in fluence of dispersible proteins of the marine species Nannochloropsis salina on the formation of emulsions during the wet lipid extraction ( Law et al., 2018 ), and little is know about the in fluence of proteins of freshwater microalgae on this phenomenon. Herein, the freshwater strain Scenedesmus obliquus BR003 (Tetradesmus obliquus) was used in the optimization of a process to extract dispersible proteins, and the deproteinized biomass was subse- quently submitted to wet lipid extraction. The BR003 strain shows potential for the production of advanced biofuels ( Rocha et al., 2017 ), fast growth and high production of proteins when cultured in media based on fertilizers ( Soares et al., 2018 ). The wet lipid extraction of deproteinized biomass was evaluated according to the following para- meters: lipid yield, emulsion formation and stability. In this study, ethyl acetate and hexane were used in the wet lipid extraction of the de- proteinized biomass of S. obliquus BR003. Hexane was chosen to com- pose the lipid extraction mixture because of its high e fficiency in the extraction of lipids when compared to other solvents ( Ramluckan et al., 2014 ). Ethyl acetate was used as a co-solvent because of its excellent selectivity for neutral lipids ( Lu et al., 2015 ). 2. Material and methods 2.1. Cultivation and biomass processing The microalga S. obliquus BR003 was obtained from the Collection of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria of the Department of Plant Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Minas Gerais, Brazil). The BR003 strain was maintained in liquid culture medium BG11. The biomass of S. obliquus BR003 was produced in a raceway pond of 4000 L with natural photoperiod and light during 15 days during the autumn between 04/20/2018 and 05/05/2018 with a mean tempera- ture of the culture of 23.8 °C (Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil). The biomass was harvested when reached the stationary phase on day 15. The cul- ture medium L4-m was used in the cultivation of the BR003 strain ( Rocha et al., 2019 ). The culture medium L4-m was prepared with macronutrients provided by inorganic fertilizers: 171.12 mg·L −1 of urea (Fertilizantes Heringer, Brazil), 44.36 mg·L −1 of ammonium mono- phosphate (Yara Brasil Fertilizantes, Brazil), 176.33 mg·L −1 of po- tassium chloride (Fertilizantes Heringer, Brazil), 45.96 mg·L −1 of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (Multitécnica, Brazil), and 14.65 mg·L −1 of iron sulfate monohydrate (Pigminas, Brazil). The agitation of the culture was achieved by injection of compressed air enriched with 10% (v·v −1 ) CO 2 . pH was maintained between 7 and 9.5 by injection of CO 2 . Biomass was flocullated and stored at −20 °C. For the production of the microalgae powder, the biomass was thawed and dried until constant weight at 70 ± 1 °C. The dried bio- mass was size reduced in a knife mill. The S. obliquus BR003 cells were disrupted in a ball mill for 2 min because unruptured cells hinder sol- vent access to the internally stored lipids ( Dixon and Wilken, 2018 ). Microalgae powder was standardized by size (100 µm) and stored at −20 °C. 2.2. Biochemical composition of the S. obliquus BR003 S. obliquus BR003 powder was dried at 105 ± 1 °C until constant weight for determination of the moisture content. Ash content was determined by calcination of the biomass at 550 ± 5 °C for 5 h in a mu ffle oven. Moisture and ash were measured in quadruplicate. The content of total lipids of the S. obliquus BR003 powder was determined by gravimetry based on the Bligh and Dyer method with previous acid hydrolysis of the biomass to improve the extraction of free fatty acids complexed with Ca 2+ ( Jensen, 2008 ). Lipids were ex- tracted four times from each sample. Multistage lipid extraction was performed because a single extraction is not able to completely remove the lipids from the microalgae biomass ( Du et al., 2017 ). Total lipids were determined in quadruplicate. Extraction and quanti fication of total proteins of the S. obliquus BR003 powder were carried out according to Borowitzka and Moheimani (2013) . Protein quanti fication was based on the Lowry protein assay using serum albumin to prepare the standard curve. Total proteins were determined in quadruplicate. Extraction and quanti fication of total neutral carbohydrates of the S. obliquus BR003 powder were carried out according to Borowitzka and Moheimani (2013) . Total neutral carbohydrates quanti fication was based on the phenol –sulfuric acid method using D-(+)-glucose to pre- pare the standard curve. Total neutral carbohydrates were determined in quadruplicate. 2.3. Optimization of the extraction of proteins from S. obliquus BR003 Prior to the protein extraction, the S. obliquus BR003 powder was suspended in deionized water until 5% (w·v −1 ) total solids because this concentration is commonly observed in microalgae slurry obtained after the harvesting and thickening steps ( Borowitzka and Moheimani, 2013 ). The extraction of proteins of S. obliquus BR003 was optimized using a central composite design. The e ffects of temperature, extraction M.L. Amorim, et al. Download 1.87 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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