Extraction of proteins from the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus br003 followed by lipid extraction of the wet deproteinized biomass using hexane and ethyl acetate
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Bioresource Technology 307 (2020) 123190
6 A higher solvent release index was observed in the moderate con- dition of protein extraction (pH 10.5 at 50 °C for 2 h) that resulted in the release of 50% of the solvent system after 1 h of the mixture of solvents and biomass ( Fig. 3 b). On the other hand, the biomass sub- mitted to the optimal condition of protein extraction (pH 12 at 60 °C for 3 h) showed a release of 50% of the solvent system only after 4 h, while the control biomass showed a release of the solvent system lower than 40% even after 24 h of the mixture of solvents and biomass ( Fig. 3 b). The emulsion and solvent release indexes of the deproteinized S. obliquus BR003 biomasses did not di ffer significantly after 24 h of the mixture of solvents and biomass ( Fig. 3 a and b). Conversely, the control treatment showed a more stable emulsion and a lower release of the solvent system ( Fig. 3 a and b). These results clearly show that the dispersible proteins of S. obliquus BR003 play an important role in the stabilization of the emulsion during wet lipid extraction. The depro- teinized biomasses released twice the solvent than the control biomass, which indicates that the control biomass of S. obliquus BR003 releases water from the emulsion much more easily and retains the solvent system ( Fig. 3 a and b). A higher solvent releasing diminishes the need for high-capacity centrifuges and energy input. Industrial centrifuges are costly and represent up to 16% of the total equipment cost of a microalgae biofuels production system ( Dasan et al., 2019 ). Lipid extraction from the wet deproteinized biomass of S. obliquus BR003 produced by the moderate condition of protein extraction (pH 10.5 at 50 °C for 2 h) resulted in a higher lipid yield (27.2 ± 3.1%) when compared to the control (17.2 ± 1.9%) and optimal condition of protein extraction (14.6 ± 3.3%) at 0 h after the mixture of solvents and biomass ( Fig. 3 c). However, the lipid extraction of the control biomass of S. obliquus BR003 resulted in a higher lipid yield after 24 h (55.3 ± 4.7%) in comparison to the biomasses produced using the moderate (26.1 ± 4.3%) and optimal (20.7 ± 2.4%) conditions of protein extraction ( Fig. 3 c). This indicates that the wet lipid extraction of the control treatment was strongly in fluenced by the extraction time in contrast to the wet lipid extraction of the deproteinized biomasses ( Fig. 3 c). This fact probably occurred because emulsions show a higher contact area than the contact area between the two phases separately. Thus, the higher emulsion and the lower solvent release indexes ob- served during the wet lipid extraction of the control biomass of S. ob- liquus BR003 strongly suggest that the solvent system remained longer with the cellular debris resulting in a greater migration of lipids to the solvent system phase ( Fig. 3 a and b). The wet lipid extraction was able to extract only 55.3% of the total lipids of the control biomass of S. obliquus BR003 ( Fig. 3 c). The main cause of the low lipid yields is because the lipid extraction was per- formed with a single stage of extraction (Section 2.5). It was already shown that a single extraction is not able to completely remove the lipids from the microalgae biomass ( Du et al., 2017 ). Conversely, the determination of total lipids of S. obliquus BR003 ( Table 2 ) was per- formed using the Bligh and Dyer method, which is traditionally em- ployed in lipid extraction of microalgae, and the total lipids were ex- tracted four times (Section 2.2). The main objective of this study was the evaluation of the in fluence of dispersible proteins of a freshwater microalga on the formation of emulsions during wet lipid extraction; hence the multistage lipid extraction was avoided since a large volume of solvent is required, which may a ffect the interpretation of this phe- nomenon. However, it is possible to conclude that a single wet lipid extraction is not e fficient, and the multistage lipid extraction strategy should be adopted in commercial biore fineries. Moreover, the lower lipid yields observed during the wet lipid extraction of the deprotei- nized S. obliquus BR003 biomasses ( Fig. 3 c) might be, in some exten- sion, because the protein extraction resulted in some alkaline hydrolysis of lipids that increased their dispersibility in water and decreased their migration to the solvent phase ( Salimon et al., 2011 ). The size distribution of the lipid droplets shown that most of the systems do not form a true emulsion ( Fig. 4 ). Emulsions are a type of colloidal dispersion in which a liquid phase is dispersed in another liquid phase and the droplet diameter varies between 10 nm and 100 μm ( Damodaran and Parkin, 2017 ), and the diameters of the dro- plets in the systems evaluated in this study ranged from 5 μm to 900 μm ( Fig. 4 ). The greater emulsi fication that occurred during the wet lipid extraction of the deproteinized biomass of S. obliquus BR003 resulted in median droplets with 88.2 and 91.7 μm for the optimal (pH 12 at 60 °C for 3 h) and moderate conditions (pH 10.5 at 50 °C for 2 h), while the median droplets of the control was 276.6 μm ( Fig. 4 ). These findings reinforce the hypothesis that the harsh treatments employed in the extraction of dispersible proteins change the bio- chemical composition of the microalga, such as lipids and remaining proteins, which increased the emulsi fication capacity of the system during the wet lipid extraction. In addition, the large droplets observed during wet lipid extraction of the control biomass S. obliquus BR003 ( Fig. 4 ) strongly suggest that the major limiting factor for the separation of phases is the process of coalescence. This phenomenon, called Pickering e ffect, occurs due to the formation of a film composed of proteins and cellular debris that interact with each other and retain water and solvent droplets, increases the stability, and physically avoids the contact and coalescence of the droplets ( Law et al., 2017 ). The results of this current study with the freshwater microalga S. obliquus BR003 are in agreement with a previous study that evaluated the formation of emulsions during wet lipid extraction of the marine species N. salina and showed that the proteins play an important role in the stabilization of emulsions ( Law et al., 2018 ). These authors also showed that proteins and cellular debris are not good surfactants, but the lipids improve the emulsi fication forming small droplets. Therefore, wet lipid extraction of deproteinized microalgal biomass shows lower emulsion stability which favors the development of a low-cost solvent recovery process. However, di fferent solvent systems, multistage lipid extraction, and longer mixing should be evaluated in order to increase the lipid yield. 4. Conclusion Scenedesmus obliquus BR003 showed a very high content of proteins, but such proteins could not be easily extracted using a simple, but optimized, process based on pH, temperature and extraction time. The addition of SDS drastically improved the protein yield. The wet lipid extraction of the deproteinized biomass of S. obliquus BR003 using ethyl acetate and hexane resulted in a system with lower emulsion stability that certainly will assist the development of e fficient solvent recovery processes. On the other hand, decreasing of the emulsion stability re- quires an e fficient mixing to favor the extraction of lipids. Credit authorship contribution statement Matheus Lopes Amorim: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing - original draft. Jimmy Soares: Writing - review & editing, Conceptualization. Bruno Bezerra Vieira: Conceptualization, Methodology. Willian Batista-Silva: Investigation. Marcio Arêdes Martins: Conceptualization, Advising, Project admin- istration, Funding acquisition, Resources. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to in flu- ence the work reported in this paper. Acknowledgements We are thankful to Petróleo Brasileiro S/A for research funding (grant 4600545175), Brazilian National Council for Scienti fic and Technological Development (CNPq, grant 307147/2015-0), Fundação M.L. Amorim, et al. Download 1.87 Mb. 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