Extraction of proteins from the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus br003 followed by lipid extraction of the wet deproteinized biomass using hexane and ethyl acetate
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Bioresource Technology 307 (2020) 123190
3 extraction lipids because cellulose and lipids decrease the e fficiency of the protein extraction ( Sari et al., 2015 ). The high content of ash (36.2 ± 0.2%, w·w afdw −1 ) observed in the S. obliquus BR003 ( Table 2 ) is similar to a previous study with S. almeriensis ( Molino et al., 2018 ). 3.2. Optimization of the extraction of proteins from S. obliquus BR003 Extraction methods of microalgal proteins seldom show good scal- ability due to the use of expensive equipment (e.g. sonicators and high- pressure homogenizers) to disrupt the microalgal cells, costly enzymes, or chemicals like ionic liquids ( Lee et al., 2017 ). Undoubtedly, the development of e fficient, but costly, processes is crucial for the estab- lishment of microalgae as host microorganisms for the production of high-value recombinant proteins, such as antibodies, subunit vaccines, and industrial enzymes ( Dixon and Wilken, 2018 ). However, the ex- traction of microalgal dispersible proteins with lower value-added for the production of food and feed requires the development of simple, robust and low-cost processes that show adequate scalability for large microalgae farms and biore fineries. In this study, the S. obliquus BR003 cells were disrupted by ball milling in order to simulate a simple method based on mechanical disruption. The extraction of dispersible proteins was evaluated using a central composite design with the following parameters: pH, extraction time, and temperature ( Table 1 ). These parameters were chosen because of their easy scalability to commercial units. A previous study evaluated the separate e ffect of pH, temperature and extraction time on the pro- tein extraction of the red microalga Porphyridium purpureum and the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum ( Stack et al., 2018 ). However, a fine adjustment of these parameters and evaluation of their interaction is important to increase the protein yield and decrease the consumption of chemicals and energy. The central composite design conditions allowed the adjustment of a model with a moderate coe fficient of determination (R 2 = 0.7562) ( Fig. 1 a) that properly described the empirical data. pH exerted the greater e ffect on the extraction of dispersible pro- teins of S. obliquus BR003 in comparison to the extraction time and temperature ( Fig. 1 b –d). Temperature and pH showed a significant and positive interaction indicating that harsh conditions were required to achieve high protein yields ( Fig. 1 d). Indeed, microalgae biomass show a lower protein extractability than by-products of vascular plants (e.g. cereals) because the microalgal cell wall is recalcitrant and acts as a barrier in protein extraction ( Sari et al., 2015 ). Higher protein yields were achieved when dispersible proteins of S. obliquus BR003 were extracted under alkaline conditions (pH 10 to 12) in comparison to acid conditions (pH 2 to 5), and protein extraction was drastically increased at pH values greater than 5 ( Fig. 1 b and d). These results are in agreement with a previous study that evaluated the protein dis- persibility of Arthrospira maxima, Nannochloropsis gaditana, Tetraselmis impellucida, and Scenedesmus dimorphus ( Teuling et al., 2017 ). The lower extractability of S. obliquus BR003 under acid conditions is mainly because the isoelectric points of the proteins of this species are in the range of 3.95 to 6.2 ( Nakhost et al., 1987 ). Proteins present net electric charges equal to zero at the isoelectric point, favoring pro- tein –protein interactions in detriment of protein-water interactions which hinders the dispersibility of proteins in the aqueous medium ( Damodaran and Parkin, 2017 ). Moreover, ionic strength plays an im- portant role on the protein solubility at di fferent pH ( Teuling et al., 2017 ), and the high content of salts (i.e. ash) observed in S. obliquus BR003 powder ( Table 2 ) probably a ffected the protein dispersibility because proteins were extracted using a high-solid load of 5% (w·w −1 ) (section 2.3) that resulted in approximately 1.8% (w·w −1 ) of ash in the protein extraction system. Extraction time exerted a lower e ffect on the protein yield when compared to pH and temperature ( Fig. 1 b –d). Moreover, higher protein extraction yields were achieved using extraction times between 2 and 3.5 h ( Fig. 1 b and c) as well as the temperature at 60 °C ( Fig. 1 c and d). The harsher conditions of temperature and extraction time resulted in lower protein extraction yields ( Fig. 1 b –d) and possibly favored the Maillard reaction that occurs in presence of amino acids and carbohy- drates, as well as the denaturation and degradation of proteins ( Damodaran and Parkin, 2017 ). The best conditions for the extraction of dispersible proteins of S. obliquus BR003 powder were pH 12 at 60 °C for 3 h ( Fig. 1 b –d). It was possible to predict a protein yield based on the model obtained from the central composite design of 24.9% using the protein extraction condi- tions of pH 12 at 60 °C for 3 h, with a con fidence interval (95% sig- ni ficance) between 21.8% and 27.9%, and a prediction interval (95% signi ficance) between 20.5% and 29.2%. This protein yield is in agreement with previous studies ( Sari et al., 2015, 2013; Sierra et al., 2017 ). Despite the easy scalability of the alkaline extraction of microalgal proteins, this and previous studies ( Sari et al., 2015, 2013 ) showed intermediate to low protein yields. Di fferent parameters have been hypothesized to hinder the protein extraction such as the cellular in- tegrity ( Sierra et al., 2017 ), composition and structure of cell walls ( Sa fi et al., 2013 ), and the distribution, composition, and storage of proteins in microalgal cells ( Sari et al., 2015 ). S. obliquus shows a trilaminar cell wall, composed by an inner layer of cellulose and an outer layer of the resistant sporopollenin-like biopolymer that make the cells resistant to disruption ( Batista et al., 2014 ). In a previous study that evaluated the bioactivity of S. obliquus peptides, it was shown that mechanical dis- ruption was important to increase the protein yield, but the protein extraction from S. obliquus was not a straightforward procedure despite the promising results of its peptides as an antioxidant and angiotensin- converting-enzyme inhibitor ( Montone et al., 2018 ). Moreover, it seems that some microalgae accumulate polyamines instead of proteins as a nitrogen reserve in vacuoles ( Shebanova et al., 2017 ); while other comercial sources of proteins like cereals, legumes, and tubers, store proteins in their vacuoles assisting the protein ex- traction ( Sari et al., 2015 ). Thus, extraction of microalgal proteins may di ffer from other processes that are based only on the extraction of a few storage proteins present at high levels, as observed in soybean and rapeseed meal ( Sari et al., 2015 ). Indeed, some microalgae species also did not accumulate a high content of ribulose bisphosphate carbox- ylase-oxygen (Rubisco), the main enzyme involved in the fixation of inorganic carbon fixation during photosynthesis ( Losh et al., 2013 ). It is possible to conclude that the extraction of proteins from microalgae at a commercial scale may require the use of advanced strategies to improve the protein yield. The use of surfactants is a promising alternative to improve the protein yield without impact the scalability of the protein extraction. Thus, the e ffects of SDS and pH were evaluated on the protein extrac- tion of S. obliquus BR003 using a central composite design ( Fig. 2 ). SDS is a surfactant that facilitates the water penetration and dispersion of hydrophobic proteins, partially replacing amphiphilic proteins at the water-debris interface and allowing that higher amounts of proteins disperse to the aqueous phase ( Bollag et al., 1996 ). The protein ex- traction using SDS was performed at 60 °C for 3 h because these con- ditions resulted in a higher protein yield ( Fig. 1 ). SDS and pH showed a strong and positive interaction that drastically increased the protein yield ( Fig. 2 ). The model of the central composite design showed a good fit with the experimental data resulting in a high coe fficient of determination (R 2 = 0.932) that allows concluding that the higher concentration of SDS, the greater the amount of protein in the aqueous phase ( Fig. 2 b). In addition, the pH showed a positive and linear e ffect on the protein yield ( Fig. 2 b). The protein extraction under the conditions of pH 12, 1% (w·w −1 ) SDS, 60 °C and 3 h resulted in a protein yield of 49.6% ( Fig. 2 b), and this value was twice higher the protein yield observed in protein extraction of S. obliquus BR003 using the conditions of pH 12, 60 °C and 3 h ( Fig. 2 b). Despite the increase of protein yield, the addition of SDS would lead to greater emulsi fication in subsequent wet lipid extraction interfering in the evaluation of the role of proteins in this process. Therefore, the SDS was not used in the M.L. Amorim, et al. Download 1.87 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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