Extraction of proteins from the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus br003 followed by lipid extraction of the wet deproteinized biomass using hexane and ethyl acetate
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V V V V ( ) 100% t a S t (1) = ∙ SR V V 100% S TS (2) where E is the emulsion index, V t is the total volume of the mixture, V a is the volume of the separated aqueous phase, V S is the volume of the separated phase of the solvent system, SR is the solvent release index, and V TS is the total volume of the solvent system. Photomicrographs were taken at 0 h after the mixture of solvents and biomass for the determination of size distribution of the organic phase droplets using an upright light microscope coupled with an image capture system, and objective lenses of 4×, 10×, 20× and 40×. The diameter of the droplets was manually measured using the software ImageJ ( Law et al., 2017 ), and at least 730 droplets were measured for each treatment. 2.6. Statistical analysis Results of the lipid extraction yield, emulsion and solvent indexes were submitted to analysis of variance, and means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% signi ficance level. The results of this study are presented as mean ± standard deviation. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Composition of the S. obliquus BR003 The cultivation of S. obliquus BR003 in a raceway pond allowed the production of biomass with a high protein content of 65.1 ± 4.4% (w·w afdw −1 ) ( Table 2 ). Indeed, the species S. almeriensis ( Sánchez et al., 2008 ) and S. obliquus ( A fify et al., 2018; Soares et al., 2018 ) show a high protein content. The high protein content of Scenedesmus species is comparable to the commercially produced cyanobacterium Arthrospira which is largely produced for the food market ( Benemann, 2013 ). De- spite S. obliquus is currently not produced at commercial scale, a recent study showed that this microalga is not toxic to Wistar rats ( Silva et al., 2020 ). Moreover, protein hydrolysates from S. obliquus present pro- mising qualities as a novel source of protein due to its antioxidant and antiviral activities ( A fify et al., 2018 ). Conversely, S. obliquus BR003 showed a low content of C-rich sto- rage compounds, speci fically, total lipids and total neutral carbohy- drates, that were 10.6 ± 0.4% and 11.5 ± 1.7% (w·w afdw −1 ), re- spectively ( Table 2 ). S. obliquus BR003 was harvested when reached the stationary phase to avoid the accumulation of C-rich storage com- pounds as a response to nutrient depletion (Section 2.1). The bio- chemical composition of S. obliquus BR003 with a high content of total proteins and low content of C-rich compounds might fit for a bior- e finery process based on an initial extraction of proteins prior to the Table 1 Actual and coded levels of the parameters used in the optimization of the ex- traction of proteins from S. obliquus BR003 using the response surface metho- dology. Coded variable Factor level −α −1 0 1 + α A: Temperature (°C) 20 30 45 60 70 B: Extraction time (h) 0.6 2 4 6 7.4 C: pH 0.6 3.0 6.5 10 12.4 Table 2 Composition of the S. obliquus BR003. Content Biomass (%) Ash-free dry biomass (%) Moisture 11.7 ± 0.4 – Ash 36.2 ± 0.2 – Total lipids 5.5 ± 0.2 10.6 ± 0.4 Total proteins 33.9 ± 2.3 65.1 ± 4.4 Total neutral carbohydrates 6.2 ± 0.9 11.5 ± 1.7 M.L. Amorim, et al. Download 1.87 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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