F eminist and g ender t heories
Feminist and Gender Theories
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Feminist and Gender Theories
331 rather the intersection and coordination of more than one relational mode of the ruling apparatus. Characteristically, state agencies are tied in with professional forms of organization, and both are interpenetrated by relations of discourse of more than one order. We might imagine institu- tions as nodes or knots in the relations of the ruling apparatus to class, coordinating multiple strands of action into a functional complex. Integral to the coordinating process are ideolo- gies systematically developed to provide cate- gories and concepts expressing the relation of local courses of action to the institutional func- tion (a point to be elaborated later), providing a currency or currencies enabling interchange between different specialized parts of the com- plex and a common conceptual organization coordinating its diverse sites. The notion of ethnography is introduced to commit us to an exploration, description, and analysis of such a complex of relations, not conceived in the abstract but from the entry point of some par- ticular person or persons whose everyday world of working is organized thereby. . . . Institutional ethnography explores the social relations individuals bring into being in and through their actual practices. Its methods, whether of observation, interviewing, recollec- tion of work experience, use of archives, textual analysis, or other, are constrained by the practi- calities of investigation of social relations as actual practices. Note however that the institu- tional ethnography as a way of investigating the problematic of the everyday world does not involve substituting the analysis, the perspectives and views of subjects, for the investigation by the sociologist. Though women are indeed the expert practitioners of their everyday worlds, the notion of the everyday world as problematic assumes that disclosure of the extralocal determinations of our experience does not lie within the scope of everyday practices. We can see only so much without specialized investigation, and the latter should be the sociologist’s special business. Ideology, Institutions, and the Concept of Work as Ethnographic Ground The coordination of institutional processes is mediated ideologically. The categories and con- cepts of ideology express the relation of mem- bers’ actual practices—their work—to the institutional function. Ethnomethodology has developed the notion of accountability to iden- tify members’ methods accomplishing the order- liness and sense of local processes. iii Members themselves and for themselves constitute the observability and reportability of what has hap- pened or is going on, in how they take it up as a matter for anyone to find and recognize. Members make use of categories and concepts to analyze settings for features thus made observable. The apparently referential operation of locally applied categories and concepts is constitutive of the reference itself. iv When applied to the institutional context, the notion of accountability locates practices tying local set- tings to the nonlocal organization of the ruling apparatus. Indeed, the institutional process itself can be seen as a dialectic between what mem- bers do intending the categories and concepts of institutional ideology and the analytic and descriptive practices of those categories and concepts deployed in accomplishing the observ- ability of what is done, has happened, is going on, and so forth. Thus local practices in their historical particularity and irreversibility are made accountable in terms of categories and concepts expressing the function of the institu- tion. Members’ interpretive practices analyzing the work processes that bring the institutional process into being in actuality constitute those work processes as institutional courses of action. v Institutional ideologies are acquired by mem- bers as methods of analyzing experiences located in the work process of the institution. Professional training in particular teaches people how to recycle the actualities of their experience into the iii Harold Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967). iv D.L. Wieder, Language and Social Reality: The Case of Telling the Convict Code (The Hague: Moulton, 1974). v Dorothy E. Smith, “No one commits suicide: Textual analyses of ideological practices,” Human Studies 6 (1983): 309–359. |
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