Factors affecting location decisions in international operations – a Delphi study
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MacCarthyAtthirawongDELPHIInt.Manuf.IJOPM2003rg
Part A of the questionnaire In Part A of the questionnaire the panellists were asked in open question format about the motivations of firms that seek to manufacture across national borders and the process of making international location decisions. The results for each of the four issues addressed in Part A of the questionnaire are presented below for both rounds of the study. Motivations of firms in seeking to manufacture internationally. Figure 1 shows the results from the first round of the Delphi study. It reveals that the largest number of the panellists identified the major motivation for manufacturing outside national borders was the ability to gain access to low labour costs and to access labour skills in order to reduce the cost of production. Other important reasons highlighted were the ability to gain access to markets, tax incentives and other privileges from host governments, the ability to gain access to raw materials and technologies and to counterattack competitors. This first category contains the combined responses for these two issues and hence its frequency can exceed 20. 800 In the second round the panellists tended to agree with the above findings. Nevertheless, some panellists noted that the ability to gain access to host raw materials may be equal to, or more important than, the ability to gain access to low costs when firms seek to manufacture internationally. It was also suggested that tax incentives and benefits should rank more highly. Specific comments indicated that the motivations of firms might depend on type of business and the nature of the business environment. Steps in the international location decision process. There was strong consensus on the steps identified in the international location decision process over the two rounds of the study. The following steps are a summary of the preferred or expected procedure in making international location decisions: (1) Make clear the purpose for the overall business at the beginning of the process. (2) Investigate countries, regional factors, geographical considerations, location alternatives and conduct market analysis/economic analysis and feasibility studies. Help may be obtained from relevant agencies for many of the activities. (3) Identify both international and local factors involved for each alternative location. (4) Evaluate the alternatives against established criteria. The decision-makers should ensure that all criteria are clearly identified in the process of evaluation and all “musts” are fulfilled. Several methods were suggested by the panellists to evaluate the location alternatives, for instance, cost-benefit analysis, risk analysis and go-no-go methods. (5) Make a selection and implement. Some specific and relevant comments emerged in the second round. One comment was that these steps are suitable only for large international firms, as small- and medium-sized firms may not have sufficient resources or budgets to 801 Figure 1. Motivations for manufacturing internationally follow the steps when considering international location choices. It was also noted that it is very important to investigate and take into consideration political factors in the second step, especially when considering some locations in the world such as the Middle East region. The most difficult problem in making international location decisions. This question generated a variety of opinions in the first round. The panellists identified many problems that may arise in the international location decision process as shown in Figure 2. In the second round, the panellists did not argue with these findings but some valuable comments were provided. For instance, it was noted that the meaning of “many factors involved in the decision process” was not clear enough and should be broken down into two types of factor: information and people. Specific comments also noted included the issue of “how to get the right information and the right people” in making international location decisions. Two panellists noted that the “quality of information, experience of the analyst and available time” are very important and could lead to major problems. Also, it was argued that combinations of qualitative and quantitative factors affect the decision process significantly and make the process of decision-making complex. Recommendation on the ways to overcome the problem. A wide range of responses were given to this question without strong consensus in the first round of the Delphi study. The panellists recommended a variety of ways to overcome the different types of problems mentioned above. The key recommendations identified that may help in addressing different problems in international location decision-making suggested from the first round may be summarised as follows: 802 Figure 2. Most difficult problem in dealing with international location decision . Prudent analysis: field research, better forecasting, accurate data, adopting a careful approach, identify risks, use clear logic and analyse all impacts, as well as checking with existing manufacturing networks. . Professional advice/expertise: employ qualified consultants, professional advisors or hire local agents/local governments to investigate and pull stakeholders together at the beginning of the process. . Tools: develop appropriate tools/models for decision making, as well as for trade-offs and risk assessment. . Incentives: develop appropriate incentives, and relevant organisational structures. In the second round, some further comments were added on some of these issues. It was argued that an important part of prudent analysis is “the process of reviewing the performance and success of multinational companies”. Information on “host governments’ rules and regulations” can be found from relevant organisations. A specific comment was that these issues reflected a large firm perspective. Another believed that “a strong internal project team working in the organisation” could help to overcome problems. It was also highlighted that “post-implementation” is another important stage that decision-makers should be concerned about. Two panellists were not in agreement on these issues, indicating that the approach would depend on the motivations of the firm. Download 0.71 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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