Faculty of philology department of foreign languages and literature course work

II. Chapter 1
2.1.Definition of speaking and its components.
Speaking is a productive language skill (Siahaan, 2008:95). It implies that speaking refers to a person's ability to produce sounds with meaning and have them understood by others in order to establish effective communication.
During their time in school, students will learn how to communicate eloquently and with confidence, which will benefit them throughout their lives.Speaking abilities are the capabilities that enable efficient communication. They enable us to communicate verbally and in a way that is understandable to the listener.
In primary and senior school, children will learn both English and other language speaking skills. Both ESL and EAL students must learn how to improve their English-speaking abilities. As speaking is the primary method of communication in daily life, it is one of the most crucial components of language learning.
Speaking involves sharing knowledge with the listener, who may then take action if necessary. To effectively communicate, it is crucial to acquire both speaking and listening abilities.
The Purpose of Speaking
When interacting with others, every human being has a purpose, especially when communicating through spoken language. According to Richards (2008), p. 21-27, Brown and Yule (1983) discovered that in every speaking activity, three separate objectives can be seen in form and function, and each demands a different teaching technique. These three goals are as follows:

1. 
   Speaking as Interaction
   

Speaking as interaction denotes the meaning of conversation and depicts an encounter that is largely social in nature. While people meet, they greet each other, have brief discussions, share recent experiences, and so on, since they want to be kind and comfortable while engaging with others. The center of this function focuses on the speakers and how they want to present themselves to one another.

2. 
   Speaking as Transaction
   

The phrase “speaking as transaction” refers to a circumstance in which the emphasis is on what is said or done. Instead of focusing on people and how they communicate socially, the main emphasis is on what can be easily and correctly read. As the transaction, there are two types of speech. First, include events in which participants focus on the outcome, such as asking someone for a way. Second, the transaction focuses on receiving goods or services, such as ordering food in a restaurant.

3. 
   Speaking as Performance
   

Speaking as performance refers to open conversations, such as those that transmit public declarations and lectures.It means that speaking as performance is more about monologue than dialogue, as evidenced by the public announcements and speeches provided above.
According to D. P. Harris (1974:81) “that either four or five components are recognized in analysis of speech process. They are: pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary fluency and comprehension”. And here are the writer explain each of them briefly:
Pronunciation
D.P.Harris states that “pronunciation is including segmental features vowels, consonants, stress, and intonation pattern”. ( TESL: 81) This statement will inform us that the quality of speaking is measured by the ability to produce every word by using proper pronunciation. While learning an English language our spoken English must get more attention, because if we make a mistake while speaking in English especially in pronunciation it can cause misunderstandings while interacting with others. “ It was very essential that the learner’s pronunciation should be corrected before they are moving on to texts” ( Howatt, 1984: 172)
Grammar
While learning a new language, there is also one of the most important part of the process, it is indeed grammar, because grammar has huge role in creating language. As well all know, language is a combination of the words and sentences that are combined by the certain rule that we call grammar. “ Grammar is the rule that says how words are combined, arranged and changed to show different meaning” ( Michael Swan, XIII). In addition to explanation above researcher concludes that language cannot be escaped from grammar. In the process of learning and teaching English, the role of grammar grow rapidly as the process increases in both writing and speaking. If the English language learners can effectively use the grammar, whether in the speaking or writing areas, they will become skilled in the language.
Vocabulary
“Vocabulary is a total number of words in language” ( Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary, p.461). The ability to construct English sentences depends on the learner’s vocabulary, therefore in addition to understanding grammar, English learners must acquire a wide range of words. It is simpler for language learners with a broad vocabulary to construct longer English sentences than other learners. Prior to learning how to speak a language, children need to develop their vocabulary.
Fluency
D. P. Harris says “ Fluency is the ease and speed of the flow speech”.
As kids progress through school and use and practice speaking skills every day, fluency in spoken language naturally increases. Reading frequently (and aloud) exposes kids to new vocabulary and strengthens their understanding of spoken language, which is a wonderful method to increase fluency.
Fluency is the capacity to instantly comprehend words after hearing them. They can read aloud and pronounce words correctly if they are written down. You may help your kids acquire this by encouraging them to read passages aloud. Additionally, you might ask your pupils to read aloud in front of the class. They become more self-assured as a result, which also improves their pronunciation.
Comprehension
The last component of the speaking is comprehension. “Comprehension has the meaning of the mind’s act of understanding or exercise to improve one’s uunderstanding (Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary, 2003:81). It means that understanding the subject or the topic that we are learning is important because it can be easy if we are capable of understanding the point of the topic.
Speaking skills on the National Curriculum
Speaking English in public is an essential component of learning the language in schools, according to the National Curriculum. In primary school, kids will learn how to:

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  Pay attention to what instructors and classmates are saying and reply.
  
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  Increase vocabulary Use spoken words to describe, explain, and convey feelings.
  
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  Pose inquiries to help them comprehend.
  
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