Инглиз тилида 26 харф бўлиб,20 таси ундош,6 таси унли

Agar ko‘chirma gapni o‘zlashtirma gapga aylantirayotganimizda kitob qo‘l ostida, yaqin joyda bo‘lsa this o‘zgarmay qoladi:

direct :He said that he liked this book.
U bu kitobni yoqtirishini aytdi.

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  Agar o‘zlashtirma gapga aylantirayotganimizda kitob qo‘l ostida yoki yaqin joyda bo‘lmasa this that bilan almashtiriladi.
  

direct :He said that he liked that book.
U o‘sha kitobni yoqtirishini aytdi.

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  Agar ko‘chirma gap o‘sha kunning o‘zida o‘zlashtirma gapga aylantirilsa yesterday o‘zgarmay qoladi.
  

direct:He said, “I saw Nancy yesterday”
U dedi: “Men Nansini kecha ko‘rdim”
Reported : He said that he saw Nancy yesterday.

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  Agar ko‘chirma gap bir kundan keyin o‘zlashtirma gapga aylantirilsa, yesterday so‘zi the day before bilan almashtiriladi:
  

reported :He said that he had seen Nancy the day before.

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  Agar ko’chirma gapda ifodalagan ish- harakat doimiy o’zgarmas yoki hali sodir bo’lib o’tmagan ish- harakatlarni ifodalashda fe’lni o’tgan zamonga o’zgartirmaslik ham mumkin.
  

Direct: Ilhom said, my job is very interesting.
Reported: Ilhom said that his job is very interesting.
Direct: Akram said I want to go to New York next year.
Reported: Akram said that he wants to go to New York next year.

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  O’tgan zamonga o’zgartirish ham mumkin, agar ish- harakat o’zgargan va sodir bo’lib o’tgan bo’lsa.
  

direct: Akram said: “My job is very interesting”.
Indirect: Akram said thathis job was very interesting.

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  Say va tell fe’llarining ishlatilishidagi farqi.
  
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  Agar aytmoq/ demoq fe’lidan keyin kimga? savoliga javob bo’luvchi to’ldiruvchi kelsa tell ishlatiladi yoki yana buni bosh gapda to‘ldiruvchisiz say fe’li ishlatilgan bo‘lsa , o‘zlashtirma gapda to say saqlanib qoladi.
  

Direct :He says, «Mary will come in the evening»
Reported :He says that Mary will come in the evening.

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  Agar ko‘chirma gapda to say fe’lidan keyin to‘ldiruvchi kelgan bo‘lsa, ko‘chirma gapdagi to say fe’li o‘zlashtirma gapda to tell fe’li bilan almashtiriladi deb izohlashimiz ham mumkin
  

Direct :He has said to me, «The negotiations have begun».
Reported: He has told me that the negotiations have begun.

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  Izoh: To saydan keyin vositali to‘ldiruvchi to predlogi bilan ishlatiladi, to telldan keyin. esa vositali to‘ldiruvchi predlogsiz ishlatiladi.
  

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