Final control questions on the subject “heat engineering” The purpose and function of the subject. Working parameter. Status parameters. Base words and phrases
Download 1.46 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Yakuniy nazorat savollari issiqlik
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Volumetric heat capacity
Base words and phrases: mass, volumetric, molar, real, average heat capacity, process Mass heat capacity The amount of heat required to change the temperature of an object by 1o is called the heat capacity of an object. The heat capacity is calculated by the following formula: [ / ] dQ C J К dt (2.1) Specific mass heat capacity s [J/(kg.K)] It is divided into specific volumetric heat capacity 1 [J/(m 3 .K)] and specific molar heat capacity s [J/(mol.K)]. The ratio of heat capacity to the mass of the body is called specific heat capacity: [ / ( . )] С с J kg К m (2.2) Thus, the specific heat capacity is the heat capacity per unit mass (1 kg) of the body. Volumetric heat capacity The relative volume heat capacity is equal to the ratio of the heat capacity of the body to the volume under normal conditions (Ro=101325 Pa, t 0 = C). с V С с 1 So, the specific volumetric heat capacity is the heat capacity of a unit volume (1m3) of a substance under normal physical conditions. In some cases, it is convenient to take the molecular mass ( ) of a substance as a unit of substance.In this case, specific molar heat capacity is used: S = S [J/(mol.K)] (2.3) Depending on the description of the heat transfer process, the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of the body by 1°C (Figure 2.1) varies. That is why, when we talk about heat capacity, we should talk about the process by which heat is brought to the same substance. In other words, the quantity dQ in the ratio (2.1) depends not only on the temperature range, but also on the type of heat generation process. In practice, heat capacities of isobaric (P=const) and isochoric (v=const) processes are used the most. These heat capacities are called isobaric and isochoric heat capacities, denoted by sp and sv, respectively. At the same time, Sv is mass isochoric heat capacity; S1v - volumetric isochoric heat capacity; Sv - molar isochoric heat capacity; Sr - mass isobaric heat capacity; - volumetric isobaric heat capacity and Sr - molar isobaric heat capacity differ from each other. Depending on whether the gas is at constant pressure or constant volume, different amounts of heat are required to raise its temperature by 1. The isobaric heat capacity is always greater than the isochoric heat capacity, because when 1 kg of gas is heated by 1 under conditions of P=const, part of the energy is spent on expansion.R. Mayer studied the relationship between Sp and Sv and created the following equation: S p –S v =R (2.4) If we multiply both parts of the above equation by the molecular mass ( ), we get the following result: S p – S v =R =8314 J/(kmol K) or S p – S v =8314 J/(kmol K) Therefore, the difference between molar isobaric and isochoric heat capacities for all gases is a constant quantity, its value is 8314 J/(kmol K) or 2 kcal/(kmolK). For real gases, Sp–Sv>R, because in an isobaric process with P=const, the system not only does work against external forces, but also against intermolecular forces of attraction. So, in thermodynamic processes with P=const and v=const, more heat is spent on the real gas compared to the ideal gas in order to perform work and gain its internal energy. Using the methods of statistical physics, the heat capacity of most substances can be calculated theoretically. For this, . 2 1 kT energy corresponding to one degree of freedom of the molecule is used, and heat capacities corresponding to one mole of mono, diatomic and polyatomic gas are found. In thermodynamics, the ratio between constant pressure and volume heat capacities is widely used. This ratio is denoted by the letter k. / / / 1 1 v p v p v p с с с с с с к From the Mayer equation: S v =R/(k–1); S p =kR/( k–1) If we consider s=const, from Table 2.1, k=1.67 for monoatomic gases; k=1.4 for diatomic gases; k=1.29 for triatomic and polyatomic gases. The amount of heat required to heat 1 kg of ideal gas from temperature t 1 to temperature t 2 is determined by the following formula ) ( ) ( 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 t с t с t t с q m m t t m Heat capacities of ideal gases table 2.1 Gases s v c r s v c r kJ/(kmol grad) kkal/(kmol grad) Monoatomic 12,56 20,93 3 5 Diatomic 20,93 29,31 5 7 Triatomic and polyatomic 29,31 37,68 7 9 The following expression can be derived for the processes C p and C v : q v =c vm2 t 2 –c vm1 t 1 and q p = c pm2 t 2 –c pm1 t 1 The heat capacity of ideal gases depends on temperature, and that of real gases also depends on pressure. Therefore, in technical thermodynamics, real and average heat capacities differ. |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling