Foreign relations of the united states 1969–1976 volume XXXVII energy crisis, 1974–1980 department of state washington
Download 8.4 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- 238. Letter From President Carter to Crown Prince Fahd of Saudi Arabia
- Jimmy Carter
- 239. Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski) to Director of Central Intelligence Turner
- 240. Memorandum From Director of Central Intelligence Turner to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski)
- 241. Memorandum From the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Tarnoff) to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski)
- Peter Tarnoff
- 242. Paper Prepared in the Department of State
237. Memorandum of Conversation 1 Washington, September 29, 1979, 10:15–11:30 a.m. SUBJECT International Issues and Energy PARTICIPANTS
The President President Lopez Portillo The Vice President Jorge Castaneda, Secretary of Secretary Vance Foreign Relations Secretary Duncan Jorge de la Vega Dominguez, Dr. Brzezinski Secretary of Commerce Mr. Eizenstat Jose Andres Oteyza, Secretary of Assistant Secretary Jules Katz Patrimony and Industrial Assistant Secretary Viron Vaky Development Robert Krueger, Amb at Alfonso de Rosenzweig Diaz, Large-Des. Under Secretary for Ambassador Patrick Lucey Foreign Relations Ambassador Henry Owen Jorge Diaz Serrano, Director of Jerry Schecter, NSC Staff PEMEX Guy F. Erb, NSC Staff General Miguel A. Godinez Bob Pastor, NSC Staff Bravo, Chief of Staff, Everett Briggs, State Pres. Gen. Staff Rafael Izquierdo, Advisor to the President Jose Antonio Ugarte, Advisor to the President Dr. Robert Casillas Hernandez, Private Secretary to the President Rosa Luz Alegria, Under Secre- tary for National Planning and Budget Andres Rozenthal Gutman, Direc- tor General of North American Affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations Hugo Margain, Mexican Ambas- sador to the United States Jose Ramon Lopez Portillo, Direc- tor of Analysis, Secretariat of Programming and Budget Abel Garrido, Director of Bilateral Trade Relations, Ministry of Commerce 1 Source: Carter Library, National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Material, Subject File, Box 37, Memoranda of Conversation: President, 7/79–9/79. Confidential. Drafted by Erb on October 3. The meeting was held in the Cabinet Room of the White House. The full text of this memorandum of conversation is scheduled for publication in Foreign Rela-
, 1977–1980, volume XXIII, Mexico, Cuba, and the Caribbean. 365-608/428-S/80010 January 1979–January 1981 759 Saturday morning President Carter said he had enjoyed the dinner and that the toasts and comments showed our publics that we are working well together. 2 President Lopez Portillo agreed. He lamented the impression that had been given of the last meeting. 3 The spirit had always been as it was today. He was very glad of that. President Carter said he had looked into Lopez Portillo’s U.N. speech and his proposal for a UN Working Group, 4 which he found to be promising. It would be advisable if the two Secretaries of State quietly kept each other informed on this matter. We would confine our public remarks to the joint positions that they reach. President Carter said that the United States would continue to sup- port energy development in developing countries through the World Bank and bilateral programs. At the Tokyo Summit, we and others had resolved to limit to the maximum degree possible the future imports of oil. Actions which he had taken alone and with the Congress would re- duce our otherwise likely imports by four million barrels a day by 1985. Additional measures now awaiting Congressional approval would re- duce our demand for oil imports by another 4 million barrels a day by 1990. With your permission, Secretary Duncan would describe briefly the presentation that he made in Paris. Secretary Duncan described the Paris meeting of the seven Energy Ministers of the Summit countries. 5 The meeting had opened with a de- termination that world oil supply and demand were in a fragile bal- ance, but for several reasons there existed a possibility of supply inter- ruptions. The situation seemed to be set for 1980, but that could be affected by economic changes or by political events or disruptions. In the medium and long term the fact that the system would continue to be fragile drove the need for conservation measures and constraints on imports. Duncan then discussed the measures that had been taken since the Summit to reduce reliance on oil imports. The main questions had been what the members of the European Community would agree to as their individual targets for 1979 and 1985. They had agreed to 472 million tons, approximately 9.5 million b/d, as the ceiling for EC members in 1980. The figure of 472 million tons compared favorably to EC imports in 1979, which were projected at 515 million tons. All nine EC countries 2 For text of the toasts at the dinner on the evening of September 28, see Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter, 1979 , pp. 1781–1784. 3 Reference is to their February 15 meeting in Mexico City; see Document 190. 4 See footnote 5, Document 236. 5 See Document 235. 365-608/428-S/80010 760 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII had accepted the necessity of adopting national targets and the four Summit countries in the EC had already made national commitments. Japan had accepted a range but the Japanese Energy Minister had said at the meeting and at a press conference that he would try to achieve the lower end of the range, that is 6.3 million barrels per day. Secretary Duncan also mentioned the 1980 U.S. import commitment of 8.5 mil- lion b/d and the 1979 target of 8.2 million b/d a day. In Paris, Duncan said, they had also discussed a crude oil transac- tion register. It would record transactions in the crude oil market and make them public on a monthly basis. There was also a discussion of energy technology and how to communicate that technology. Improve- ments would be sought in the exploitation of coal, nuclear power, with an emphasis on safety, and alternative sources of fuel. Conservation was also emphasized. There had been considerable interest in the Presi- dent’s energy program. With the President’s approval Secretary Duncan gave a fact sheet to Secretary Castaneda. President Carter thanked Secretary Duncan. To summarize, the President said, all of us realized that we had been using, wasting, and importing too much oil. All agreed that despite economic growth, im- ports would not increase through 1985 and then would be reduced through the use of alternate sources of energy. To help maintain stable supply and stable prices we were eager to share our technology with developing countries and provide or help provide finance for explora- tion. He understood that these goals were compatible with Lopez Portillo’s. President Lopez Portillo said yes, he was not saying anything new, only that there would be serious and grave consequences if there were no action. He believed that, put together, the Tokyo Summit ideas and President Carter’s energy programs were close to his U.N. proposals. But there were certain considerations that he would like to raise. The Tokyo Summit countries were trying to reduce their dependence by controlling demand. There were two problems with that approach. If bloc policies were followed, said Lopez Portillo, then the pro- ducers would cartelize supply; they would look for balance in the market and for an advantageous situation in the world economy. Therefore, reliance on blocs was ill advised. Bloc bargaining added great danger. During the period in which we try to control demand we ran the risk of a recession because a cut in demand would reduce eco- nomic growth. A reduction in demand would cause OPEC to reduce supply and upward pressure on prices thus would continue. The posi- tion of developing-country oil importers would become even more se- rious. They would be cut by a scissors: the price of petroleum would rise while a recession affected their exports. This would be very unfa- vorable for the developing countries. 365-608/428-S/80010 January 1979–January 1981 761 That is why President Carter’s energy program for the U.S. was in- teresting. What you had proposed for the United States was close to what should be approved by the entire world. We could not act on iso- lated parts of the whole problem. For this reason we supported your plan. President Lopez Portillo had reservations about the Tokyo results and but he hoped that reason would prevail and that energy would be taken up in a global forum. Lopez Portillo said that there were dangers of misunderstanding. An OPEC country had already said that Mexico’s proposal had been thought up as a means of dividing OPEC. He had foreseen that this would happen and for that reason had said that the United Nations is the place in which to raise the problem. Mexico’s position was separate from the producer and consumer positions. He believed, however, that it was the correct view. He viewed the Tokyo Declaration with sympa- thy, but it had the dangers to which he had referred. However, the Tokyo meeting indicated that there was a trend toward order which gave him hope that it would be possible to negotiate. President Carter said he recognized the concerns of Lopez Portillo. We were making every effort to avoid creating a recession. Our prin- cipal emphasis was on conservation and elimination of waste. Our second effort was to produce oil and gas more efficiently from existing fields and with advanced techniques for recovery. We wished to use other forms of energy which were plentiful; that is shale, coal and solar energy, as well as increase the ability of developing countries to find energy resources. We were eager to share our superior technology with all other nations and were making some progress. [Omitted here is discussion unrelated to energy.]
365-608/428-S/80010 762 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII 238. Letter From President Carter to Crown Prince Fahd of Saudi Arabia 1 Washington, October 3, 1979. Your Royal Highness: I am very pleased with your announced decision to continue pe- troleum production at third-quarter levels. 2 As I said publicly, your ac- tion is a constructive complement to the efforts of oil-importing nations to curb consumption and switch to other fuels. It will greatly assist the world in meeting important energy needs and helping to stabilize prices.
The courage and responsibility which your government has con- sistently demonstrated in developing its policies is a source of strength and stability in international affairs. I take deep personal satisfaction in the close and friendly relationship existing between our two nations, and I will continue to seek ways to deepen and broaden our areas of cooperation and mutual understanding. Sincerely,
1 Source: Carter Library, National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Material, President’s Correspondence with Foreign Leaders File, Box 16, Saudi Arabia: Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister Fahd ibn Abd Al-Aziz Al Saud, 2/77–5/80. No classification marking. An undated covering memorandum from Brzezinski to the President recom- mended that he send the letter to Fahd. 2 See footnote 2, Document 234. On September 19, Brzezinski sent Vance a memo- randum informing him that Yamani had told the Danish press that there was a 50–50 chance that OPEC would again raise prices at the December Ministerial meeting. Accord- ing to Brzezinski, Carter’s response was, “Let’s move to prevent this.” Brzezinski advised Vance that the Department of State “should implement the President’s instruction.” (Car- ter Library, National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Material, Country File, Box 67, Saudi Arabia, 8–11/79) 365-608/428-S/80010 January 1979–January 1981 763 239. Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski) to Director of Central Intelligence Turner Washington, October 17, 1979. [Source: Carter Library, National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Ma- terial, Agency File, Box 3, Central Intelligence Agency, 9–12/79. Secret; Sensitive. 1 page not declassified.]
Washington, October 30, 1979. [Source: National Security Council, INT/Subject Files, F–R/I026, OPEC. Secret; Sensitive. 2 pages not declassified.] 241. Memorandum From the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Tarnoff) to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski) 1 Washington, November 2, 1979. SUBJECT OPEC Price Increases In response to the President’s directive that we mount a campaign against the OPEC price increases, 2 the Department is preparing instruc- 1 Source: Carter Library, National Security Affairs, Staff Material, Special Projects File, Box 13, Henry Owen, Chron, 11/1–5/79. Secret; Sensitive. 2 The President’s instruction was circulated in an October 17 memorandum from Brzezinski. (Ibid., Brzezinski Material, Agency File, Box 3, Central Intelligence Agency: 9–12/79)
365-608/428-S/80010 764 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII tions for our Embassies. These instructions will be differentiated be- tween two groups of consuming countries—LDC’s and the industrial- ized countries. The message to the non-oil producing LDC’s, our major target group, will be a follow-up to our earlier message on the same subject (State telegram 151031 of June 12), 3 and will seek to convince these countries that it is in their interest to engage in private and, particu- larly, public criticism of the price policies of the producing countries. This effort, however, will have to be handled with care. We would not want it to appear that other countries were acting on behalf of the United States, because that impression would sharply diminish the im- pact of their pleas. It is also important, particularly in terms of contin- ued Saudi cooperation, that any campaign differentiate between OPEC “price hawks” and nations which have been helpful on price and pro- duction decisions. Such a campaign must also take into consideration the world wide support we wish to evoke for some action on Mexican President Lopez Portillo’s energy proposal, 4 which is encountering considerable opposition among the Group of 77. Our efforts among the industrialized countries will, of course, be more direct and result in bringing about a more forthright public posi- tion on the price increases. These instructions will be coordinated with the deliberations in course within the SCC on developing a comprehensive policy to meet the energy crisis. We understand that ICA is responding directly on the aspects of the campaign within its purview.
3 In telegram 151031 to all diplomatic and consular posts, the Department noted: “OPEC countries are coming under increasing pressure from oil importing LDCs to mod- erate price increases or to assist their development efforts in other ways. We wish to in- crease public awareness of the economic costs to developing countries of rapidly rising oil prices. Attached talking points may be helpful in underscoring these problems.” (Na- tional Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D790266–0803) 4 See footnote 5, Document 236. 365-608/428-S/80010 January 1979–January 1981 765 242. Paper Prepared in the Department of State 1 Washington, undated. Iranian Oil Contingencies Iranian oil production in recent months has averaged about 3.7 million barrels per day, with late October production up to 4.1 million b/d. Exports have been about 3.1 million b/d, of which about 700,000 b/d comes to the U.S. This constitutes about 8 percent of U.S. oil im- ports and about 3.7 percent of total U.S. oil availability. If Iran decides to embargo oil shipments to the U.S., a basic ques- tion is whether Iran also decides to reduce its total exports. We believe this would be the case. As the 1973–74 experience showed, it is very dif- ficult to target an embargo on a single country, and greater impact is achieved if production is cut at the same time. The Iranian regime is presently earning foreign exchange at about twice the rate of its foreign exchange expenditures. Even before the occupation of the American Embassy, the Iranian National Oil Company told us that they would cut back oil production by 300,000 b/d in 1980.
Even if no other market adjustments were made to compensate, an Iranian embargo of the U.S. would not trigger the IEA sharing system because the size of the cutback to the U.S. would be below the trigger level. To activate the system, the IEA group or any member country must sustain a cut in available oil to a level at least 7% below base period consumption (roughly the previous year). U.S. oil imports from Iran are only about 3.7% of total oil available to the U.S.; in view of the recent increase in our total oil availability, a complete and uncompen- sated stoppage of Iranian exports to the U.S. would leave us with ex- pected oil availability about 2.2% below base period. 1 Source: National Archives, RG 59, Executive Secretariat Files: Lot 82D85, Box 1, Iran Update, November 1979. Secret. Drafted by Bullen and Dolan and cleared by Rosen, Calingaert, in NEA/IRN and NEA/ARP, and by Poats. The paper is attached to a No- vember 6 memorandum from Katz and Goldman to Vance and Duncan that explained that the paper had been prepared for a November 7 SCC meeting on Iranian oil. The meeting’s Summary of Conclusions indicated that officials at the Departments of Energy and Treasury would meet with oil company executives on November 8 and “raise with them the question of reallocation of supplies” in anticipation of a significant Iranian re- duction. (Carter Library, National Security Council, Institutional Files, Box 105, SCC 196: Iran, 11/07/79) On November 4, a group of university students had seized the U.S. Em- bassy in Tehran and taken most of its staff hostage. Documentation on the Iranian hos- tage crisis is scheduled for publication in Foreign Relations, 1977–1980, volume XI, Iran: Hostage Crisis, November 1979–January 1981. 365-608/428-S/80010 766 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII A larger Iranian cutback (e.g. one million b/d) would have its im- pact on the consuming world as a whole. Even if it all fell on IEA coun- tries, it would be far below the 2.6 million b/d trigger level for the IEA as a group. It is possible to activate the IEA sharing system at less than a 7% shortfall by unanimous agreement, but it is doubtful that unanimity would be achieved. Many IEA countries, and the Secretariat, believe that triggering the allocation system—which would inevitably entail domestic allocation—is much less desirable for a shortage below 7% than more informal coordination of policies. However, if something ap- proaching a total shutdown of Iranian production ensues, we would not exclude IEA sharing as a tool for joint action. Possible Replacement Oil Major producing countries with spare crude capacity are shown in the attached table. 2 A number of them increased production when Iran shut down early this year, and some might do so again. On the other hand, a number are expected to reduce production in early 1980. Saudi Arabia is now producing 9.5 million b/d from Aramco fields, one million b/d over its ceiling. It may have capacity to produce some additional oil, but analysts doubt whether a substantial increase can be sustained for long.
is now producing at about 2.3 million b/d, slightly below capacity; this is scheduled to drop to 2.2 million b/d, and the Kuwaitis are reportedly considering an even steeper cut of up to 500,000 b/d. The Kuwaitis do not need the income and view oil in the ground as po- tentially more valuable than additional financial investments. Abu Dhabi has about 500,000 b/d unused capacity due to pro- duction ceilings imposed by the Algerian-managed national oil com- pany for “technical reasons”. The technical justification for these limits is questioned by Western oilmen, but their imposition clearly reflects a broadly accepted local desire to maximize long-term field output.
raised its output in early 1979 to about 2.4 million b/d in re- sponse to the Iranian crisis, but production has since been reduced to about 2.2 million b/d because of technical reasons (falling pressure in small fields) and conservationist sentiment.
and Libya have 200,000 and 100,000 b/d of spare capacity which they might bring back on the market if they desired the addi- tional income. Iraq also has perhaps 300,000 b/d of spare capacity. 2 Attached but not printed. 365-608/428-S/80010 January 1979–January 1981 767 The United Kingdom recently cut output by 85,000 b/d because of the reintroduction of restrictions on flaring gas from the Brent field. The U.K. may be amenable to another relaxation of flaring rules. While
has announced it would cut production by 150,000 b/d for conservation reasons in 1980, they might be persuaded to maintain pro- duction at 2.35 million b/d. A major argument in urging additional production would be the risk of harm to the world economy from a renewed shortfall. This might well persuade the Saudis to keep their production up to 9.5 mil- lion b/d, although whether they would be willing to go beyond that is questionable. Kuwait and Abu Dhabi, however, might be very reluc- tant to raise their oil production at this point if that were confronta- tional with Iran, since they have a strong interest in not antagonizing their larger neighbor. We could not expect our argumentation to have any impact on Algeria or Libya. Strong urgings from the world com- munity might well cause Nigeria and Venezuela to resume higher pro- duction on a temporary basis. Iraq could conceivably increase produc- tion principally for commercial reasons, either secretly or in some way as to be portrayed as benefitting countries other than the U.S.
If Iran were to embargo the U.S. but maintain its overall produc- tion level, we would expect oil companies to readjust supplies among themselves so as to send Iranian oil to non-U.S. destinations, and non-Iranian oil to the U.S. Market changes in the past year (tight market, increased oil sales moving through producer government com- panies, reduced amounts of oil available to the majors for third-party sales) have made this more difficult but not impossible. However, the average price paid for such oil imports to the U.S. would be higher, since much of the replacement oil would be at spot prices. While we believe this would happen naturally, it might be acceler- ated and coordinated through USG persuasion. This would have par- ticular impact on companies active in the U.S., who would see behind it the potential for regulatory action. It would be essential, in pursuing such efforts with the companies, to consult our IEA partners to reassure them that the U.S. was not seeking to overcompensate for a shortfall at their expense. The more serious problem is that Iran would be likely to reduce total output in conjunction with any embargo on exports to the U.S. We would still expect through normal market action and persuasion to be able to mitigate to some extent the impact on the U.S., but the conse- quences for price in the U.S. and eventually worldwide would be more severe.
365-608/428-S/80010 768 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII A list of the companies currently importing oil from Iran is at- tached.
3 The top two companies—Amerada Hess and Ashland—are very heavily dependent on Iranian oil. Unless oil were rapidly made available to them from elsewhere, they would very quickly be on the spot market, and would likely feel compelled to pay exceptionally high prices.
While DOE buy/sell orders (which mandate oil transfers to crude-short companies) are normally restricted to small refineries, which generally do not directly import foreign crude, it might be ap- propriate for DOE to review the possibility of regulatory changes which would permit orders requiring other US companies to make oil available to firms cut off under such circumstances. Alternatively, full domestic crude oil allocation might be considered. 4 3 Attached but not printed. 4 On November 12, Carter issued Proclamation 4702 ordering the cessation of oil imports from Iran into the United States. In remarks that day, Carter emphasized: “It is necessary to eliminate any suggestion that economic pressures can weaken our stand on basic issues of principle. Our position must be clear.” For text of his remarks and the Pres- idential Proclamation, see Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter, 1979 , pp. 2109–2112. Download 8.4 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling