Foreign relations of the united states 1969–1976 volume XXXVII energy crisis, 1974–1980 department of state washington
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- 248. Memorandum From the Deputy Secretary of Energy (Sawhill) and the Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs (Cooper) to President Carter
- 249. Memorandum From Secretary of the Treasury Miller to President Carter
- 250. Memorandum From Henry Owen of the National Security Council Staff to President Carter
Brewster 5 The final Iran Oil Sitrep from London, No. 69, February 2, 1980, was telegram 2481. (Ibid., D800058–0469) The Department assigned Grossman to the Embassy in Paris as a commercial officer, where he continued, with the Department’s approval, “his tele- phone contact work and reporting out of Paris.” Because the Department “and other in- terested agencies” found the Iran Sitreps “valuable in helping Washington understand current developments in Iranian oil sector and general economy,” it instructed the Em- bassy in Paris to tailor Grossman’s duties “to allow him to include reporting on condi- tions in Iran until hostage crisis is resolved.” (Telegram 29929 to London and Paris, Feb- ruary 3; ibid., D800059–0691) The first Iran Oil Sitrep from Paris was telegram 4055, February 5, but beginning with telegram 5684 from London, March 14, the reports came exclusively from London. (Ibid., D800063–0233, D800131–0146) The last Iran Oil Sitrep— at least under that subject heading—was telegram 19807 from London, September 17, 1980. (Ibid., D800447–0495) 248. Memorandum From the Deputy Secretary of Energy (Sawhill) and the Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs (Cooper) to President Carter 1 Washington, undated. SUBJECT IEA Update The International Energy Agency (IEA) has decided to move for- ward its previously-scheduled January Ministerial-level meeting to De- cember 10. This was done largely on the initiative of the U.S., for two reasons:
1. The Tokyo targets for the Summit countries, and other tentative 1980 oil import targets for the remainder of the EC and for non- Summit, non-EC countries, do not give the prospect of a balanced oil market in 1980; even against a projected optimistic OPEC production level of 30 mmb/d, after allowance for net demand for the rest of the world, the aggregate IEA oil import targets may overshoot OPEC out- put by 600 to 900 mb/d. 1 Source: Carter Library, National Security Affairs, Staff Material, International Eco- nomics File, Box 45, Rutherford Poats File, Chron, 12/79. Confidential. At the top of the page, Carter wrote: “cc: To Duncan, Vance. Sounds good. C” 365-608/428-S/80010 778 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII 2. With the exception of France, which controls carefully its volume of oil imports, no other industrialized country has considered putting in place effective import control mechanisms such as an import quota.
2 We therefore face the prospect of a worsening scramble for oil next year; this would aggravate price pressures in the market, would subject importing countries to political blackmail, and would create political tensions among importing countries. To deal with this problem, we are proposing that the IEA adopt a system of national oil import targets, which would be adjusted quar- terly to a level which gives a reasonable prospect of market balance. As a part of this system other countries will be required to put in place ef- fective and credible enforcement mechanisms as well as demand re- straint measures directed at achieving the targets. The proposed system would include penalties against countries exceeding the targets. Such an allocation mechanism should reduce incentives for buying at high spot market prices. As part of the pro-rata reduction in import target levels to match available world oil supplies, the U.S. would have to be prepared to ac- cept a 1980 oil import target below the level of 8.5 mmb/d agreed upon at the Tokyo Summit. Preliminary analysis indicates that the U.S. could comfortably accept an import ceiling in 1980 of approximately 8.1 mmb/d without adopting additional demand restraint measures. An interagency task force has completed a preliminary review and adopted an “unconstrained demand” estimate of 7.90–8.05 mmb/d (not including any SPR fill) as a safe projection for 1980. In the judgment of some of your advisors, there is an additional safety margin built in to the high end of that range for the following reasons:
• An inventory build-up during 1980 of 100 m/b is included even though 1979 end-of-year inventories will be close to an all-time high; • A voluntary nuclear moratorium is assumed which increases oil consumption by up to 250 mb/d. This moratorium could be offset in- stead by other policy actions such as coal-fired electricity and use of re- sidual fuel oil from inventories. Additionally, if world oil supplies are as limited as currently expected, action to bring some of these 9 affected plants on line during 1980 will have to be considered. We will press other countries to adopt stringent import control systems comparable to a quota mechanism as backstops for the re- duced import targets. In the event that other countries resort instead to softer measures, such as “political” commitments rather than legisla- 2 Next to this sentence, Carter wrote: “Tell me briefly how France does it.” 365-608/428-S/80010 January 1979–January 1981 779 tive actions, it would be appropriate for us to follow suit, and back up our lower target with a political commitment rather than an actual downward adjustment in the 8.5 mmb/d import quota trigger point. If the industrialized world is unprepared to adopt stringent de- mand restraint measures of its own choice, demand will be effectively limited by short supply leading to still higher prices and further eco- nomic slowdown. We can take the fixed volume of oil that will be avail- able on the world market in one of two ways: at the very high price that will result from IEA nations bidding against each other, which is politi- cally as well as economically damaging, or at a somewhat lower price under a cooperative system of demand restraint where shortfalls are shared equitably. In the upcoming working group meetings in Paris, we will stress the criticality of adopting meaningful enforcement systems (e.g., im- port quotas) to the success of any effort made at the Ministerial, while conditioning our willingness to lower our quota commitment on other nations’ willingness to commit to a rigorous enforcement mechanism. We will report back to you on our progress following the Gov- erning Board preparatory meeting in Paris next Monday. 3 3 December 3. 249. Memorandum From Secretary of the Treasury Miller to President Carter 1 Washington, December 5, 1979. SUBJECT Middle East Trip Report Visit to Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait November 23–29, 1979 The three countries together produce almost one-half of OPEC oil and earn well over one-half of OPEC financial surpluses. In each coun- try, our party was received with warmth and cooperation, despite ten- sion in the area. 1 Source: Carter Library, National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Material, Agency File, Box 22, Treasury Department, 3/79–3/80. Secret. Copies were sent to Vance, Duncan, and Eizenstat. At the top of the page, the President wrote: “Good trip. J” 365-608/428-S/80010 780 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII Summary It is probable that the three countries will maintain oil production into the early part of next year at current levels, in excess of their pre- ferred rates. This will be favorably influenced by evidence that the U.S. and other oil importing countries are making progress in containing and reducing demand. However, some scale-back in production can be anticipated as 1980 progresses, if the expectation of the three countries that supply will be comfortable is realized. The countries seek return to a single benchmark price system, 2 al- though they do not believe it is likely to be achieved at the OPEC meet- ing in December. However, they feel that continued higher production levels will put downward pressure on spot prices as stockpiling ends and it becomes apparent (in their view) that production now exceeds final oil consumption. Their price objectives for December appear moderate, but uncertain because of the breakdown in OPEC price compliance. All this is on the assumption that there is no serious reduction in Iranian oil exports. The three countries’ production and pricing plans seem motivated by (1) desire to return to stable oil pricing system with all producers re- ceiving equal treatment, (2) concern over impact of oil shortages or sub- stantial price increases on U.S. and world economies and hence on their own investments, and (3) internal pressures which question desir- ability of more rapid production than needed to finance orderly devel- opment plans. Kuwait is most likely to cut back production somewhat next year, probably starting in the second quarter. The three countries all expressed concern over the freezing of Ira- nian official assets. 3 After explanation of the unique circumstances, there was a better appreciation and some public expression of under- standing and acceptance of the action. Nonetheless, there remains an underlying nervousness, perhaps best illustrated in the comment: “capital is a coward.” If the hostages are released and the assets un- blocked promptly thereafter, the concern will probably fade away. Underneath is the nagging question: “If we embargo oil or oppose the U.S. on major policy issues, will our assets be blocked?” We did our best to reassure them on this score. 2 See footnote 3, Document 220. 3 Carter issued Executive Order 12170 freezing Iranian Government assets in the United States on November 14. It reads, in part: “I, Jimmy Carter, President of the United States, find that the situation in Iran constitutes an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy and economy of the United States and hereby declare
365-608/428-S/80010 January 1979–January 1981 781 The incident at Mecca 4 somewhat preoccupied the Saudis. My ap- pointment with Crown Prince Fahd in Riyadh was cancelled since he remained in Jeddah (or possibly Mecca itself) to deal with the Mecca situation.
In the aftermath of the Iranian revolution and the cut back in Ira- nian crude exports, each of the three Arab countries increased or main- tained production. (Saudi Arabia from 8.5 to 9.5 mb/d; UAE stayed at 1.8 mb/d; Kuwait from 2.1 to 2.6 mb/d, including the neutral zone.) Even so, the world oil supply has been tight and there has been a break- down in the pricing system. Officials of the three countries believe that current production is slightly above actual final oil usage, but that excess demand is resulting from stock building either as a hedge against shortages or to reduce dependence on supply from major oil companies. They, therefore, expect the supply-demand relationship to be more comfortable in the near future as stockpiling subsides. The three also take the position that oil supplies will be adequate in 1980—with perhaps one million barrels per day surplus—provided there is no substantial reduction in Iranian output. Underlying this viewpoint is an implied willingness on their part to maintain produc- tion levels at or near present rates. There is some reluctance to make public commitments as to pro- duction levels. Each country is now generating substantial financial surpluses, and there are internal pressures to reduce output to levels more in line with financial needs. There are those who question the wisdom of converting domestic oil resources into financial assets held outside their domains. Recent events in Iran and Mecca add weight to these voices. But the Governments recognize their interdependence with the world economy and appear prepared to maintain somewhat higher levels of production as their “sacrifice”, provided the U.S. and other oil importing countries make their “sacrifice” by conservation and constrained demand. Saudi Oil Minister Yamani has stated publicly that his Govern- ment will consider extending the current production level of 9.5 million barrels/day into the first quarter of 1980 if the consuming nations will a national emergency to deal with that threat.” The full text of E.O. 12170 is printed in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter, 1979 , pp. 2118–2119. 4 On November 20, 26-year-old Saudi religious extremist Muhammad Abdallah and approximately 300 well-armed followers seized the Grand Mosque in Mecca and took hostages. An assault on the Mosque by Saudi forces on November 24 ended the inci- dent. The Embassy in Jidda reported on the incident in telegrams 8041, November 21, and 8119, November 25. (National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D790536– 0257, D790543–0581)
365-608/428-S/80010 782 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII do their part to constrain demand. Any public commitment to this ef- fect is not likely to be made until after the upcoming OPEC meeting. Privately, the assurances are somewhat more positive, again depend- ing on evidence of U.S. and others taking measures to curtail demand. The value placed on our conservation is reflected in Minister Yamani’s statement that Saudi production was increased in the third quarter as a direct result of the Tokyo Summit commitments on energy consumption. In the UAE, there seemed to be an unqualified and public commit- ment to maintaining the current production level of 1.8 mb/d. How- ever, in more specific discussions, we were informed that 1980 produc- tion would be down by about 70,000 b/d because of the need to treat a field that has been mishandled by the oil operating company. The pro- duction would be restored after treatment, we were told. The Kuwaitis were more outspoken about cutting back produc- tion. This may be because of the greater internal pressure, a reflection of the population mix which includes large numbers of Palestinians and substantial numbers of Iranians. In private conversations with Oil Minister Ali Khalifa, I was told that the Council of Ministers was likely to approve a production scale-back (perhaps several hundred thou- sand b/d) in 1980, to be effective sometime between April and July. Ac- tual cutback may be influenced by supply conditions, and the Minister told me he would advocate higher production rates if there was a sig- nificant reduction in Iranian exports. Oil Production Capacity Privately and in confidence, the Saudis indicate plans to expand production capacity to 10.5 to 11.0 mb/d by the end of 1980, and then going on to the 12 million level by 1982. The UAE, after some setback to treat a field, expects to double capacity to about 4 mb/d. Kuwait indi- cates a return to its previous maximum capacity of 3 to 3.5 mb/d. Such expansion in capacity is, of course, important for longer run stability in the oil markets and I came away increasingly impressed with our own energy vulnerability. I believe that these three countries will respond positively on production as our energy program increas- ingly takes hold and accelerates. In view of existing plans, I see no need at this point for us to propose inducements to expand capacity levels. Oil Pricing All three countries share our desire to return to a single benchmark price for oil and limit the spot market—though none are confident that this can be accomplished soon. No one seems able to predict the out- come at Caracas and no one has decided or was willing to reveal his own position. The Kuwaiti Oil Minister—an avowed price hawk—told me privately that he is thinking of an increase of $2 from the current av-
365-608/428-S/80010 January 1979–January 1981 783 erage price of about $23. The Saudis and UAE will almost certainly be moving to bring their prices up to the level of the other producers. The effect of this on oil consumers will depend on overall pricing and the change in the average of actual selling prices. Financial Matters Our freeze of Iranian assets was uppermost on the minds of all those we met, both governmental officials and private business execu- tives. Most of the officials expressed concern about the precedential im- plication on their own sizable holdings. At the same time, putting aside the question of blocked assets, they noted that the dollar had become increasingly superior to other cur- rencies as an outlet for their investments—given the instability of ster- ling and the yen, and increased German restrictions on foreign in- vestors. These attitudes are central to our own efforts to maintain a stable dollar over the longer term. The three countries will probably run a combined surplus of over $50 billion next year ($30–35 billion for Saudi Arabia alone). In this context, I stressed your commitment to reduce inflation and strengthen the dollar. All my counterparts indicated satisfaction with our efforts, though they also adopt a wait-and-see attitude regarding actual results.
The Saudis seem to have become somewhat unhappy with the American companies who have traditionally been their close friends. They said that these companies had taken advantage of Saudi price moderation by increasing their profits rather than passing on the lower prices to consumers. Although unrelated, the Saudis noted that a U.S. windfall profits tax would capture some of the excess profits; other- wise, they would consider larger price increases. Saudi officials, partic- ularly Yamani, are also incensed that two of the companies complied with a Church Committee subpoena to reveal what they consider to be proprietary data. 5 Crude allocations of those companies have been re- duced as a form of punishment. At present, the Saudis are extremely agitated with us over two company-related issues: the risk that Saudi taxes on oil companies will be declared non-creditable against U.S. tax liabilities of the companies (this affects Aramco, of which they own 60%); and the Justice Depart- ment’s Civil Investigative Demand (in connection with its anti-trust in- 5 The Subcommittee on Multinational Organizations of the Senate Foreign Rela- tions Committee, chaired by Senator Frank Church (D–ID), was investigating bribery payments by U.S. companies to foreign governments. 365-608/428-S/80010 784 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII vestigation of the oil companies) for data which the Saudis consider to be their own sovereign property. These matters deserve early attention. Conclusion Deep reservoirs of good will for the United States continue to exist in all three countries, despite the current unrest in the area and some unhappiness with our Middle East efforts. We must expect occasional bursts of unhelpful rhetoric, but I believe their underlying interests will keep them largely in harmony with our own, if we do our part in the relationship. In the economic area, this means above all showing steady progress in (1) reducing our requirements for imported oil and (2) maintaining a stable dollar. As we do so, I believe we can count on these three Arab countries to maintain adequate oil output, seek or- derly pricing with greater stability, and continue to invest the bulk of their earnings in dollar assets. There is, understandably, an underlying concern about the current Iranian incident (and the Mecca incident) and the fear that violence or force could spill out into the region and cause great harm. While less explicit, there is also concern about regional security and the Mid East peace process. It is clear that personal relationships are of critical importance to the Arab countries. The trip has strengthened ties with my counterparts there, and I plan to maintain contacts on a regular basis.
1 Washington, December 7, 1979. SUBJECT Status Report on IEA Ministerial Meeting, December 10 Charles Duncan phoned Count Lambsdorff, pursuant to his talk with you yesterday. 2 He indicated to Lambsdorff that he might not at- 1 Source: Carter Library, National Security Affairs, Staff Material, International Economics File, Box 45, Rutherford Poats File, Chron, 12/79. Confidential. Sent for information. 2 According to the President’s Daily Diary, Duncan met with Carter in the Oval Of- fice from 10:32 to 10:37 a.m. on December 6. (Ibid., Staff Office Files) 365-608/428-S/80010 January 1979–January 1981 785 tend the Ministerial Meeting on December 10 unless we could have some assurance that it would demonstrate effective IEA action to re- store order to the oil market by either cutting targets one mmbd or by the proposal outlined in paragraph 3(b), below. Lambsdorff was pre- pared to accept the latter proposal. UK Energy Minister Howell indi- cated that he wanted the meeting to succeed, and reserved his position until then. So here is the present state of play: 1. All major IEA countries agree that the December 10 meeting should fix 1980 import ceilings for each IEA country. Each country’s per- formance will be regularly monitored to see that ceilings are not ex- ceeded. If they are, a country will be committed to take specific remedial action. There will be nothing fuzzy about the ceiling or the commitment; consequently, this part of the agreement will represent an important step forward in building an effective mechanism for collec- tive action.
These country ceilings are too high in terms of both likely market demand and likely OPEC supply: —This year’s oil price increases, lower economic growth, and a probable reduction in the rate of stock-building may reduce IEA import demand by perhaps one mmbd below the agreed ceilings. —On the other hand, OPEC is not likely to supply more than 30 mmbd of the 31 mmbd required by the IEA import ceilings, and it may well supply less. 2. There is also agreement among major IEA countries on the principle that the countries, as a group, should adjust demand to available supply. The
question that will have to be settled at the December 10 meeting is how this should be done. 3. To meet this need, the US has made two alternative proposals: a. Reduce 1980 ceilings now by at least one mmbd, allocating the reduc- tions among countries, and making the reduced targets binding. If greater stringency is required in the future, in light of the changing market situation, the process would be repeated. Germany, the UK, Canada, and probably others are firmly opposed, arguing they will not go below the 1980 ceilings in the absence of demonstrated need. b. Agree on how future reductions in 1980 ceilings are to be made. This means: —Staying with the 1980 ceiling as the starting point. —Agreeing now to meet at a specific date during the first quarter (say March 1 or earlier, if the supply situation worsens), to determine by how much these ceilings have to be reduced to adjust demand to available supply. —Agreeing now that any reductions in ceilings will be binding. —Agreeing now, to the maximum degree possible, on the prin- ciples for allocating any further reductions, e.g., pro rata in proportion
365-608/428-S/80010 786 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII to oil consumption, adjusted for such factors as growth rates, weather, or other individual circumstances. This (3(b)) is the compromise that we discussed with Lambsdorff and Howell. The chances of securing this agreement appear sufficiently promising to warrant Charles Duncan’s going to Paris. But it will be tough going. Other countries will try hard to water down the proposal seeking to avoid any commitment to unpleasant action until the need is demonstrated. 4. If we obtain the agreement described under 3(b), above, the meeting
It will clearly reflect IEA determination to take what- ever measures are necessary to restore equilibrium to the world oil market. We will lose the possible benefit of announcing now a one mmbd cut in the IEA import ceiling, but we will achieve a strong IEA commitment to make whatever cuts prove necessary in March—even if they are more than one mmbd. Obtaining agreement in principle on how cuts would be allocated among countries will also be a step for- ward, although a wide area for disagreement will remain regarding critical details. 5. Under this proposal, there would be no need at this meeting to
to any import ceiling other than the 8.5 mmbd repre- senting the initial target for 1980. When an adjustment is required, however, we would have to reduce our ceiling, as would the other IEA countries and France. This reduction would depend on available sup- ply and on the adjustment formula to be negotiated in the next month or two.
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