French as a Second Language Teaching: Identifying Methods that Improve Adult Learners’ Competencies


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French as a Second Language Teaching Identifying Methods that Im

Historical Background
The early history of European influence in North America was concerned with the struggles 
between the two colonizing powers, the British and the French. From the time of Jacques Cartier, 
the explorer of the St. Lawrence River, to that of Samuel de Champlain, the founder of Quebec 
and on to the settlers' invasion of New France, the issue of language was considered significant 
for cultural, political, and governmental reasons. French was implemented as an official 
language of Quebec in the Act of Union in 1840, following the 1837 rebellion led by Louis 
Joseph Papineau. After the confederation of Canada in 1837, the idea of language planning was 
often put before parliament members as an inquiry and public concern. The Canadian Charter of 
Rights and Freedom of 1982 mandated that English and French had “equality of status and equal 
rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the parliament and government of 
Canada" (Government of Canada, 1985, p. 2). 
French immersion programs were instituted some 56 years ago in the province of Quebec in 
the bilingual community of St. Lambert, just outside Montreal. The inauguration of the St. 
Lambert French immersion program in 1965 represented the culmination of two years of work 
by parents who sought changes to the then-current methods of second language teaching 
practiced in Quebec’s English-speaking schools (Genesee, 1984). The St. Lambert parents, along 
with Anglophone parents from other areas of Quebec, felt that their growing isolation from life 
in Quebec was due in large part to their second language incompetence and, inversely, that this 
social isolation was partly responsible for their linguistic inability. Thus, a vicious sociolinguistic 



circle evolved whereby social isolation led to linguistic incompetence, which in turn perpetuated 
social isolation (Lambert & Tucker, 1972). I believe that the main reason for promoting French 
was to avoid segregation among people who spoke different languages. The early 1960s was a 
period in Quebec history that was marked by social unrest among French-speaking Quebecers 
who were demanding equal and, in some cases, superior status for the French language and 
culture in the province. Before this, French, although demographically dominant, was socially 
and economically subordinate to English (Genesee, 1984). 

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