G20 summit, November 3-4, 2011, Cannes France

References

1. 
   And h obov AV et al. - "Green" economy. textbook Tashkent 2020.
   
2. 
   "Green" economy: defined modern model 2020g , Vestnik UFU .
   
3. 
   Analyz mirovogo op y ta perekhoda k zelenoy economic M. 2021g .
   
4. 
   Introduction to green economy. Kazan , 2020 , Monograph. collective-autorov
   
5. 
   Ekonomicheskie mechanism y i usloviya perekhoda k zelenoy ekonomiki. St. Petersburg , 2019.
   
6. 
   AVNeverov - Ekonomika prirodopolzovaniya. Minsk , 2019.
   
7. 
   Green economy. MGU. Moscow , 2019.
   

1.3. Theoretical foundations of researching the concept of "green" economy
The role of natural resources (land, water resources, flora, fauna and natural resources (useful mineral resources) gold, ore, diamonds, silver, non-ferrous metals, uranium, tungsten, lithium elements) in the current economic sustainable development is growing. In the years of economic growth, the lack of global natural resources (being used) is clearly felt. In the words of economist-ecologist German Daly, in the current trend of economic growth, in the conditions of limited natural resources, the need of society to use substitute-alternative resources is increasing. From the beginning, the economy developed independently of environmental factors, however, natural resources and the state of the biosphere have always been important for society. This dependence is denied in the economic system.
The interaction and connection of society, economy, and ecology is explained by the fact that the integration of physical objects, people, and natural factors in the development of Internet of Things is now faster than ever.
In the process of social production in the 20th century, the main factor in economic growth was considered labor and capital, and the "land" resource was not taken into account. Society (state, people) looked at the environment, natural resources, biological diversity, etc. with a commercial eye, and measured the existence around us with money, and as a result, the ecological crisis, environmental pollution increased, as a result, the atmosphere was very the dumping of many toxic wastes has become widespread. Due to human activity (economic and social relations), the environment and nature have changed, as a result, natural resources have decreased, the environment has been polluted, the virginity (primality) of ecosystems has been lost, and secondary nature has increased.
According to experts, 90% of the disruption of natural processes occurring on Earth is related to human activity, during the interaction between man and nature, man not only satisfies his needs, but also because of his greed, nature's own biological environmental crises began to occur as a result of forgetting the need. Ecological error, ecological stress, ecological illiteracy are disrupting the balance of nature, nature is losing its ability to reproduce itself. Half a century ago, in the famous report called "Limits to Development" published by the scientists organized around the "Club of Rome", it was mentioned that the energy and raw material reserves are running out, which threatens the economic development of our planet. Due to the sudden deterioration of the nature and environment, which poses a serious threat to human life, the increase of man-made influence on the biosphere, the loss of many biodiversity, animals, and deforestation, the gene pool of our planet cannot be corrected. there is talk that changes are taking place. In the current system of economic relations, much attention is paid to the environmental factor, and it is considered appropriate to add natural resources to the production factors.
Natural resources were considered inexhaustible, and the parameters determining the level of consumption in relation to their regeneration possibilities and reserves were not taken into account.
Natural resources and natural capital play an important role in the economic growth of society. Maintaining the mutual balance of physical capital, labor resources and natural factors in production processes serves sustainable development. Today, the addition of capital, human entrepreneurial ability and information resources as factors to social production processes can be described as follows F, (ye,k,r,i)... yekri.
Here, the function of sustainable development is F (equity), where e is a labor resource, K is capital, N is a natural resource, and i is an information resource.
We will take a closer look at the functions of natural resources.
a) natural resources, these forces of nature can be drinking water, raw materials, fuel, animal world, etc. depending on the purpose. Resources satisfy the needs of nature, body, and human needs.
b) natural conditions, although they are not used in the production process, they affect the life of employees (weather, water supply, etc.). strengthens their health and satisfies their needs.
Natural capital is a collection of natural resources and is divided into the following forms:

• 
  Non-renewable, perishable (oil, gas) fossil fuels, metals, etc.
  
• 
  Renewable, disappearing resources, these are fish and their stocks, aquatic animals, water resources, etc.
  
• 
  Renewable and inexhaustible resources are wind energy, water waves. Thus, natural capital fulfills multiple functions, serving as a source of energy, food and essential materials, processing of various wastes, climate change management, water resources and finally human recreation spaces.
  

In a word, natural capital is the source of life, the basis of reproduction of material goods. On the basis of natural capital, inexhaustible food products, drinking water resources, various materials, cotton, wool, wool, various plants, medicines, minerals, and organic materials are created.
According to the report of the International Health Organization, 20-25% of human health depends on the environment and nature.
Academician M.Ya. Lemeshev said that society, economy and nature (environment) are a whole organism, separating them from each other and denying them leads to crises. According to expert, ecologist GVStadnisky, it is necessary to create an ecological and economic system in society. Production of ecologically clean products, management of ecologically clean drinking water resources, meeting the needs of the population for water is the task of this system. According to UN forecasts, by 2030, 2 billion people in 40 countries will suffer from a lack of drinking water, 884 million people live in need of clean drinking water. Considering this situation, we will take a closer look at the functions of natural resources.
In many countries, in an attempt to reduce the cost of production and increase profits, they pollute the environment and increase waste. Society consumes a lot of natural resources in the process of production, and nature cannot regenerate them, because the amortization of natural capital is not taken into account. As a result of this, the environment and the ecological situation are being degraded, which has a negative impact on the way of life, life, and health of the population. Ecologist-expert P. Hawken, based on his "Ecological business", explains that the cause of the environmental tragedy is the failure to take into account the environmental costs in the products produced in the enterprises, treating nature and the environment as a commodity. As it is known, as every era has its own problems, the increase in consumption of natural fuels at the beginning of the 21st century creates the danger of depletion of energy reserves.
The decree of President Sh. M. Mirziyoev "On measures for the further development of alternative energy sources" and the establishment of the International Institute of Solar Energy in the organization of the production of modern technologies for this field in our country, a series of energy consumption in solving problems, at the same time, it opened up new opportunities for the use of alternative energy resources, for example, solar energy, wind energy. Wind and solar energy sources are abundant in Uzbekistan, there are 320-325 sunny days in a year, and sunlight lasts for 16-18 hours a day. The introduction of the concept of alternative energy into science goes back a long way in history. In ancient times, even when oil and gas were not discovered, people used sunlight to heat water and dry fruits. Later, when oil, gas, and coal reserves became known, people realized that they would run out after a certain period of time, and they began to look for alternative ways of energy production. At the same time, billions of tons of odorless, colorless CO ₂ emitted from fuels are causing the destruction of the ozone layer. Japan, Germany and other countries were the first in the world to use alternative energy. Solar photovoltaic plants were very expensive at that time, and the cost of traditional energy was low and cheap. By now, the world 's population is approaching 8 billion, which causes an increase in the demand for fuel, a sharp rise in the price of fuel, a sharp violation of the ecological balance , and environmental pollution .
We use solar energy only for cooking food , baking bread, heating water, getting fresh water, and drying fruits through electricity. Germany is abandoning the use of nuclear power plants, closing coal mines (which used to produce 10 billion tons of coal per year). In recent years, the technology of using biogas in China, India, Vietnam, the EU, and the USA, where the economy is developing rapidly, has been well established.
In animal husbandry, poultry farming, biogas obtained as a result of plant waste processing plays an important role in the development of agriculture.
Natural mineral fertilizers produced as a result of processing increase soil fertility and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture. During the next decade, many experiments on biogas and biofuel were made and great results were achieved. A two-ton waste storage biogas plant can supply 2 families with gas for 6 months, for which 30 mln. . Soums will be spent and families will use it for 40-50 years. In addition, the price of electricity from solar panels depends mainly on the price of semiconductor silicon. According to the calculations of expert scientists, the use of solar energy in the world by 2030 will make up 30-35% of the electricity and heat energy sources produced in the world. The basis of solar photoelectric devices (solar panels) is a solar battery, which charges the accumulator battery due to the energy of photons of light coming from the sun. Humanity has been using wind energy as a way of life since ancient times. For example , windmills, wind - powered watercraft, traveling in airships with the help of balloons, etc. Currently, small and large (depending on the power) wind power stations i it's whining . The power of wind generators in large wind power generation stations is 1-5 M Bt , in which average wind speed of 25-35 m/s is considered sufficient.
Favorable geographical areas are mostly near seas and oceans. At the same time , there are areas where the wind blows constantly in the mountains, hills and foothills. In such places, it is becoming cheaper, more convenient and more efficient to build large-scale "wind farms" and use them as a source of energy.
However , such large power "wind parks" , i.e. wind generators, generate a lot of noise when they work, which in time has a negative effect on people and nature. At the same time , there is a great prospect of creating bioenergy (biomass, biogas ) . Another source of alternative energy is bioenergy. Currently, this type of energy is mainly produced in agriculture and animal husbandry. Biogas is understood as the field of natural biogas production based on the processing of natural raw materials in special devices (fermentation , rotting).
Currently, biogas devices are used to supply gas and electricity to homes. It is also possible to produce natural biogas on the basis of local livestock manure. The use of natural biogas (in electricity and heating systems) is being started in farms (in Kashkadarya, Namangan, Andijan regions. Organic waste from renewable energy sources (livestock, poultry farming), animal waste, household waste, rural and energy from plant residues in forestry, hydropower potential of rivers, reservoirs and irrigation canals, solar, wind energy, tidal and ocean wave energy, geothermal energy, alternative forms of energy.
From a logical point of view, it is important to use renewable energy sources on a large scale, first of all, to prevent environmental crises and satisfy the energy needs of the population. But the financial costs associated with the use of renewable energy resources, the conditions that must be met for the production of this type of energy, cause the demand for these renewable sources to pass to the second level. It should also be noted that the potential for renewable energy production will remain limited in the near future.
The economy of many European countries depends on coal, the use of non-renewable energy sources is not going far, and the transition to renewable - "green" energy sources is inevitable. For example, Denmark receives 30% of its energy consumption from wind power plants, and by 2050, this country will abandon coal and gas and switch to using wind, solar and bioenergy. For example:
The US government has embarked on a "green new course" and will abandon carbon energy in 2030, now switching to fully electric cars.
The Republic of China has overtaken the United States and Europe in obtaining electricity from renewable sources, and sells 40% of the solar cell market - solar energy, 20% wind energy. China has banned the export of 24 types of waste. They are processing them, producing products.
Germany gets 40% of its electricity generation from wind farms, closed nuclear power plants and stopped exporting coal.
Sweden is leading the way in this area. 50% of the waste is processed into products, and 49% is burned to produce bioenergy. On top of that, Norway and Australia have 1-2 million. is buying tons of waste. Sweden completely abandoned coal, gas, oil and nuclear energy.
Australia uses 100% wind energy, with 50% solar energy. In the world (2019), large companies are consuming full renewable energy.
in Brazil sugarcane , which has a much lower price , is being used as a substitute fuel . The main source of economic development is electric energy resources.
According to the scientific predictions of the International Energy Agency, the World Bank experts, the UN and scientists, the potential opportunities for the production of renewable energy sources are determined as follows:
- 2500 billion tons of conditional fuel from solar energy;
- 27 billion tons of conditional fuel from the energy obtained from the operation;
11 billion tons of conditional fuel from biomass energy ;
360 billion tons of conditional fuel from the energy obtained from the waters of small rivers ;
- it is possible to obtain 30 billion tons of conventional fuel from the energy of seas and oceans .
Strategies for the development of renewable energy sources have been developed in Uzbekistan. Currently, the cost of renewable energy technologies is higher than the cost of conventional energy generation technologies , but the economic efficiency is much higher. Reserves for the use of renewable energy sources in Uzbekistan have not been fully explored and used, programs for them have not been developed. If we look at the strategic data, in practice these days 12-13 annually in the world billion tons of oil equivalent, or 2.5 tons of oil equivalent per capita, hydrocarbons are burned, as a result of the use of hydrocarbon fuels , 5 billion tons of industrial waste are released into the atmosphere every year. This is 20 times more than in the 1980s.
Social and economic development in Uzbekistan 4 to the main factor: it is inextricably linked with economic growth, social security, environmental (ecological) security and human capital potential.
According to the information of the "Fizika-Quyosh" Institute named after Academician SAAzimov, the capacity of alternative energy sources is 50 tr l n 973 mln. equal to tons of conventional fuel. As a result of the use of organic fuels in all energy-consuming sectors and industries , the environment is polluted and negative changes are taking place in the flora and fauna of nature. All kinds of new (unprecedented) types of diseases are appearing in the human and animal world. For him, one of the main problems facing humanity is providing all types of energy consumers with clean environmental energy. Currently, 98.7 % of the electricity produced in Uzbekistan is produced in alternative power plants. Renewable energy sources will be used in Uzbekistan in 2022-2026 as follows .

1. 
   n 98.0% in solar energy
   
2. 
   1.5 % from hydropower
   
3. 
   0.5% in wind energy
   

above information , It can be noted that two important tasks have been set before the energy policy of the republic .
First , diversification of the fuel composition through the wide use of renewable energy resources .
Secondly , it remains to reduce the energy capacity of the national income, widely introduce energy-saving digital technologies (big data, cloud computing technologies) to production, reduce the negative impact of climate change, and improve the environmental condition of the regions. The development strategy of the new Uzbekistan mentions the "Energy Revolution", that is, by 2026, the total capacity of solar and wind power plants in our country will reach 8000 MW. According to the Ministry of Energy, 8 wind power plants with a total capacity of 4000 MW will be put into operation.
In particular, in 2023-2024, 4 wind power plants with a total capacity of 1600 MW will be put into operation in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, Bukhara and Navoi regions, and in 2025-2026, solar photoelectric plants with a capacity of 4000 MW will be commissioned. In 2023, 4 with a total capacity of 1100 MW in Navoi, Jizzakh, Samarkand and Surkhandarya regions, 8 with a total capacity of 900 MW in Bukhara, Namangan, Khorezm, Kashkadarya and Fergana regions in 2024, and in 2025-2026 a total of solar photostations with a capacity of 1800 MW will be put into operation. At the same time, a nuclear power plant is being built. Safety, environmental cleanliness, economic efficiency and social benefit form the basis of nuclear energy.
Today, the electricity shortage in Uzbekistan is 7 billion KW per year or 15%. By 2030, our annual consumption will reach 112 billion KW. Another important issue is the need to "green" the energy system of Uzbekistan. Hence, the focus on renewable energy sources will increase. Because ecological crises, our natural climatic conditions, the state of the environment force us anyway.
Dust, smoke, soot and fog in the air of large industrialized cities and industrial centers sometimes block the sun's rays and block ultraviolet rays from reaching the earth. Air polluting cities were observed in Tashkent, Navoi, Fergana, Kashkadarya regions.
The main air polluting emissions in Uzbekistan are carbon monoxide 50%, sulfur 15%, nitrogen oxides 9% and solid compounds 7%.