Gen om e d iver si ty

Research Report
knowledge about the structure and function of genes of ag-
ricultural importance is considered of central importance to 
facilitate informed access to plant genetic resources. therefo-
re, the research program aligns two converging areas: (1) trait 
mapping which includes use of novel phenotyping approaches 
to capture quantitative variation and (2) gene discovery based 
on structural and functional analysis of triticeae genomes with 
major emphasis on barley (Hordeum vulgare). to facilitate sys-
tematic access to the complex genome of barley the research 
group has been focusing for more than a decade on the de-
velopment of genomic resources, including mapping popula-
tions, a tiLLinG panel, dna markers and a physical bac contig 
map. Regarding the genomic sequence of barley, an important 
goal was recently attained by defining the major portion of 
the gene space in its genomic context. along with a panoply 
of bioinformatics tools provided by collaborators, these resour-
ces will facilitate of the informed access to isolate and study a 
wealth of novel genes underlying monogenic and polygenic 
traits.
Physical mapping and genomic tools: in 2006 the international 
barley Genome Sequencing consortium (ibSc, http://barleyge-
nome.org) was established with the aim to coordinate interna-
tional efforts towards sequencing the barley genome. embed-
ded in this consortium the research group has been leading the 
establishment of a physical map of the barley genome as well 
as the development of extensive genomic sequence resources. 
Regarding the overall goal of a high quality reference sequence 
of the barley genome, a major milestone was reached by the 
consortium in 2012 by completing the integrated physical, 
genetic and functional genome assembly. this physical map 
could be anchored to the genetic map at very high density by 
utilizing about two million Single nucleotide Polymorphisms 
(SnP) that were generated by sequencing between 70 and  
90 individuals of two segregating mapping populations, 
 
respectively (in collaboration with iPk research groups bioinfor-
matics and information technology (bit), doe/JGi, the James 
hutton institute (Jhi) and university of Minnesota St. Paul 
(uMn)).
Scientists
IPK financed
aliyeva-Schnorr, Lala (0,50, 15.04.2012-31.08.2013)
ariyadasa, Ruvini tharanga, dr. (Pakt für Forschung und inno-
vation, till 31.12.2012)
kilian, benjamin, dr. 
Pasam, Raj kishore (0,50, till 30.06.2012)
Sharma, Rajiv (0,50, till 30.06.2012)
Yang, Ping (0,50, since 01.09.2013)
zhou, Ruonan, dr. (0,50, 01.06.-31.08.2013)
Grant Positions
dhanagond, Sidram (0,50 bMbF)
himmelbach, axel, dr. (bMbF)
Jost, Matthias (0,50 bMbF)
kilian, benjamin, dr. (eu, 01.03.-31.03.2014)
kochevenko, andriy (bMbF, since 15.10.2012)
neumann, kerstin, dr. (bMbF)
Perner, katja (0,50 dFG, since 01.01.2012)
Sharma, Rajiv (0,50 dFG, since 01.07.2012)
Wabila, celestine (0,50 SaW-Leibniz Graduate School Gatersle-
ben, since 01.09.2012)
Wendler, neele (0,50 bMbF, since 01.05.2012)
Yang, Ping (0,50 bMbF, till 31.08.2013)
zhou, Ruonan, dr. (eu, till 31.05.2012; 0,75 industry, 
01.06.2012-31.05.2013; since 01.09.2013)
Visiting Scientists/Scholars
abdel-Ghani, adel hasan, dr. (dFG-Scholarship, 08.06.-
05.09.2012; 07.06.-05.09.2013)
badaeva, ekatarina, dr. (bLe-Projekt, 23.08.-03.10.2012)
cakir, esra (Scholarship of alexander von humboldt Founda-
tion, 28.07.2013- 27.08.2013) 
hammer, karl, Prof. (self-financed/iPk, since 15.04.2013)
keilwagen, Jens, dr. (self-financed, 01.10.2012-30.09.2013)
kurowska, Marzena (iaea-Fellowship, 01.01.-31.01.2012)
Li, Mingjiu (china Scholarship council-cSc, since 01.01.2012)
Lidzbarsky, Gabriel (eMbo short-term scholarship, 01.10.-
31.10.2012)
Matyszczak, isabela (self-financed, 01.03.-17.03.2013;13.08.-
13.09.2013)
nasernakhaei, Fatemeh (Scholarship of iran, 24.05.2012-
30.11.2013)
nöh, christiane (self-financed, 30.07.-17.08.2012; 01.01.-
01.03.2013; 02.07.-17.08.2013)
Pasam, Raj kishore (self-financed, 01.07.-31.08.2012)
PROGRAMME: CHARACTERISATION AND DOCUMENTATION
Research Group: Genome Diversity
head:  Prof. andreas Graner, dr. nils Stein

31
nomical or developmental/morphological traits. Regarding the 
former, emphasis is placed on the elucidation the genetic ba-
sis of Bymovirus resistance in barley. after cloning of the gene 
rym4/5 in 2005, we could now, in collaboration with the Julius 
kühn institute (Jki), Quedlinburg (F. ordon et al.), isolate and 
validate the resistance gene rym11 by mutant and transgene 
(in collaboration iPk research group Plant Reproduction bio-
logy (PRb) analysis (see Fig. 10, p. 32). Similar to rym4/5, the 
rym11 locus displays a series of functional resistance alleles. in 
collaboration with the Jki high resolution mapping and isola-
tion of further resistance loci rym3, rym7 and rym13 is in pro-
gress (Ping Yang, a. Graner, n. Stein).
Exploiting environmental adaptation of cultivated barley to 
new environments: Flowering in barley is triggered by three 
major mechanisms: temperature response (vernalization), pho-
toperiod response and earliness per se. the latter is of crucial 
importance for the adaptation of barley plants to short ve-
getation periods under long days, as they are typical for high 
latitudes. the barley earliness per se locus on chromosome 2h 
(ePS2) represents a homolog of the Antirrhinum CENTRORADIA-
LIS gene (HvCEN). the gene was identified to represent a major 
genetic switch for the adaptation of cultivated barley to the 
growing conditions in northern europe, which is far outside 
its natural distribution range in the Fertile crescent. to better 
understand the genetic implications of adaptation to new en-
vironments,  HvCEN was resequenced in a large collection of 
wild barley germplasm. Signatures of divergent selection were 
identified in the highly differentiated modern-day spring and 
winter barley genepools. the distribution of HvCEN alleles in 
wild barley and land-races demonstrated that adaptation of 
cultivated germplasm was facilitated by the selection and sub-
sequent enrichment of preexisting genetic variants rather than 
the acquisition of mutations after domestication (b. kilian, n. 
Stein, in collaboration with Jhi, R. Waugh et al.). to study addi-
tional genes involved in adaptation to diverse environments, 
the Ppd-H1 locus was resequenced in a large collection of 2057 
geo-referenced wild and domesticated barleys in order to un-
cover the origin of photoperiod insensitivity in barley. contrary 
to the previous findings, we discovered that photoperiod in-
sensitivity originated after the initial domestication, outside 
the Fertile crescent (R. Sharma, a. Graner, b. kilian).
Image based estimation and genetic analysis of biomass 
development in spring barley:  the research network cRoP-
SenSe exploits non-invasive live sensor technologies for syste-
matic phenotyping. using an automated imaging system, plant 
growth can be continuously monitored under various stress 
conditions via automated image analysis.  Phenotypic data 
are analyzed in collaboration with the research group “image 
analysis”.  correlations of fresh weight and digital biomass are 
sufficiently robust (R
2
 > 0.80) to estimate the accumulation of 
above ground biomass by using image data in order to iden-
tify QtL for this trait. to this end, 100 diverse two-rowed spring 
barleys were evaluated with daily imaging (visible light). We 
estimated plant biomass development over time by calculating 
‘digital biomass’ - a pixel volume showing a high correlation to 
a minimum tilling path (MtP) of the physical map comprising 
70,000 bacs was defined as a major deliverable during physical 
map construction. the MtP was re-arrayed in a chromosome-
wise manner at cnRGV toulouse, France. it serves as the road-
map towards map-based sequencing of the seven barley chro-
mosomes. Regarding the further refinement of the genomic 
sequence, the research group has been sequencing the MtPs 
of chromosomes, 1h, 3h and 4h (in collaboration with iPk re-
search group bit). after initial sequencing on the Roche/454 
GSFLX titanium platform the protocols were established for 
taking advantage of the higher capacity of the illumina hiS-
eq2000 technology. highly multiplexed sequencing libraries 
comprising 670 individually tagged bac clones have been 
sequenced in a single hiSeq lane, which reduced sequencing 
costs dramatically. Raw sequencing data of 1h, 3h and half 
of 4h has been completed and first version draft assemblies 
were made for all sequenced clones. Sequencing of 4h will be 
completed by early March 2014. Sequencing of the remaining 
four chromosomes (2h, 5h, 6h, 7h) as well as non-anchored 
bac contigs is in progress and managed by ibSc members. 
thus MtP- sequencing of all seven barley chromosomes will be 
completed by mid 2014. Less than 5 % of the barley genome 
consists of coding sequence. For economic reasons, sequence 
analysis can be confined in the majority of studies to the gene 
space. exploiting the available genomic sequence, a liquid 
phase exome capture assay targeting about 60 Mbp of coding 
sequence (>  80  % of high confidence barley genes) was de - 
s igned in collaboration with international partners (Jhi, uMn,  
R. nimblegen). this tool allows for the exon-based re-sequen-
cing of barley accessions to harness genetic diversity from na-
tural genetic resources of barley. using this resource, a pilot 
study to re-sequence 300 wild barley and barley landrace ac-
cessions has been initiated (b. kilian, n. Stein, in collaboration 
iPk research group bit). Furthermore, the platform proved use-
ful to facilitate genetic mapping of several major genes and se-
lected QtL in barley in combination with the bulked-segregant 
strategy (a. himmelbach, n. Stein in collaboration with iPk re-
search group bit). 
Rye genomics and evolution:  next Generation Sequencing 
(Roche/454) of sorted rye chromosomes allowed gathering in-
formation of the overall gene content and gene-order of rye 
chromosomes 1R – 7R. in analogy to the work previously ac-
complished in barley and on the basis of a high-density SnP 
map of rye, virtual gene order maps (genome zippers) could be 
generated (in collaboration with MiPS, k. Mayer et al.) that allow 
a high resolution and high density view onto genome conser-
vation between related triticeae species (barley, rye) and mo-
del grass genomes like rice, Brachypodium and Sorghum. based 
on this new data and in-detail comparative genomic analyses, 
a new model of reticulate genome evolution of rye could be 
postulated (Ruonan zhou, n. Stein).
Map-based cloning of barley genes: besides our efforts of un-
locking the barley genome for whole genome sequencing we 
make efficient use of the new genomic resources in barley for 
the map-based isolation of genes underlying important eco-

Abteilung Genbank/
Department of Genebank
32
plant fresh weight. Modelling plant growth and wilting provi-
ded parameters of speed of growth and estimated maximum 
biomass as well as wilting timing and recovery speed. SnP fin-
gerprinting yielded 4873 informative SnPs which were used for 
genome wide association mapping. altogether, 48 SnPs were 
significantly associated (-Log(p)>3) with biomass development 
over time under well-watered conditions (k. neumann, S. dha-
nagond, b. kilian, a. Graner). 
Fig. 10
Resistance to Bymovirus is controlled by the gene HvPDIL5-1 at the rym11 locus 
of barley. the gene HvPDIL5-1 was identified by map-based cloning in barley as 
susceptibility factor to Bymovirus. a large deletion in the 5’-region of the gene (A), 
which can be detected by PcR amplification with primers ‘F’ and ‘R’ (B), is causing 
a complete knockout of the gene, thus conferring complete resistance. this can 
be recognized in the field by green, symptomless, and healthy plants compared 
to susceptible plants showing severe yellow mosaic leave symptoms and stunted 
growth during tillering stage (P. Yang, n. Stein).
Publications
Peer Reviewed Papers
2012
a
riyadasa
, R. & n. S
tein
: advances in bac based physical mapping 
and map integration strategies in plants. J. biomed. biotech-
nol. 2012 (2012) 11 pp., article id 184854.
b
en
-i
srael
, i., b. k
ilian
, h. n
ida
 & e. F
ridman
: heterotic trait Locus 
(htL) mapping identifies intra-locus interactions that under-
lie reproductive hybrid vigor in Sorghum bicolor. PLoS one 7 
(2012) e38993.
b
uchmann
, J., t. M
atsumoto
, n. S
tein
, b. k
eller
 & t. W
icker
: interspe-
cies sequence comparison in Brachypodium reveals how 
transposon activity corrodes genome colinearity. Plant J. 71 
(2012) 550-563.
c
ockram
, J., t. t
hiel
, b. S
teuernagel
, n. S
tein
, S. t
audien
, P.c. b
ailey
 & 
d.M. o’S
ullivan
: Genome dynamics explain the evolution of 
flowering time cct domain gene families in the Poaceae. 
PLoS one 7 (2012) e45307.
c
omadran
,  J., b. k
ilian
, J. R
ussell
, L. R
amsay
, n. S
tein
, M. G
anal
, P. 
S
haw
, M. b
ayer
, W. t
homas
, d. M
arshall
, P. h
edley
, a. t
ondelli
, n. 
P
ecchioni
, e. F
rancia
, V. k
orzun
, a. W
alther
 & R. W
augh
: natural 
variation in a homolog of Antirrhinum centroradialis contri-
buted to spring growth habit and environmental adaptation 
in cultivated barley. nat. Genet. 44 (2012) 1388-1392.
c
ömertpay
, G., F.S. b
aloch
, b. k
ilian
, a.c. ü
lger
 & h. Ö
zkan
: Morpho-
logical and genetic diversity among turkish maize landra-
ces. Plant Mol. biol. Rep. 30 (2012) 261-274.
F
euillet
, c., n. S
tein
, L. R
ossini
, S. P
raud
, k. M
ayer
, a. S
chulman
, k. 
e
versole
 & R. a
ppels
: integrating cereal genomics to sup-
port innovation in the triticeae. Funct. integr. Genomics 12 
(2012) 573-583.
h
ouston
, k., a. d
ruka
, n. b
onar
, M. M
acaulay
, J. L
undquist
, J. F
rancko
-
wiak
, M. M
organte
, n. S
tein
 & R. W
augh
: analysis of the barley 
bract suppression gene Trd1. theor. appl. Genet. 125 (2012) 
33-45.
h
übner
, S., t. G
ünther
, a. F
lavell
, e. F
ridman
, a. G
raner
, a. k
orol
 & k.J. 
S
chmid
: islands and streams: clusters and gene flow in wild 
barley populations from the Levant. Mol. ecol. 21 (2012) 
1115-1129.
h
uynh
, b.L., d.e. M
ather
, a.W. S
chreiber
, J. t
oubia
, u. b
aumann
, z. S
ho
-
aei
, n. S
tein
, R. a
riyadasa
, J.c.R. S
tangoulis
, J. e
dwards
, n. S
hirley
, 
P. L
angridge
 & d. F
leury
: clusters of genes encoding fructan 
biosynthesizing enzymes in wheat and barley. Plant Mol. 
biol. 80 (2012) 299-314.
k
apusi
, e., L. M
a
, c.h. t
eo
, G. h
ensel
, a. h
immelbach
, i. S
chubert
, F.M. 
M
ette
, J. k
umlehn
 & a. h
ouben
: telomere-mediated truncation 
of barley chromosomes. chromosoma 121 (2012) 181-190.
k
araköy
, t., h. e
rdem
, F.S. b
aloch
, F. t
oklu
, S. e
ker
, b. k
ilian
 & h. Ö
zkan
: 
diversity of macro- and micronutrients in the seeds of lentil 
landraces. Sci. World J. (2012) 9 pages, article id: 710412 
k
ilian
, b. & a. G
raner
: nGS technologies for analyzing germplasm 
diversity in genebanks. briefings in Functional Genomics 11 
(2012) 38-50.
M
ameaux
, S., J. c
ockram
, t. t
hiel
, b. S
teuernagel
, n. S
tein
, S. t
audien
, P. 
J
ack
, P. W
erner
, J.c. G
ray
, a.J. G
reenland
 & W. P
owell
: Molecular, 
phylogenetic and comparative genomic analysis of the cy-
tokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase gene family in the Poaceae. 
Plant biotechnol. J. 10 (2012) 67-82.
M
artis
, M.M., S. k
lemme
, a.M. b
anaei
 M
oghaddam
, F.R. b
lattner
, J. M
a
-
cas
, t. S
chmutzer
, u. S
cholz
, h. G
undlach
, t. W
icker
, h. Š
imková
, P. 
n
ovák
, P. n
eumann
, M. k
ubaláková
, e. b
auer
, G. h
aseneyer
, J. F
uchs
, 
J. d
oležel
 , n. S
tein
, k.F.X. M
ayer
 & a. h
ouben
: Selfish supernu-
merary chromosome reveals its origin as a mosaic of host 
genome and organellar sequences. Proc. natl. acad. Sci. 
u.S.a. 109 (2012) 13343-13346.
M
ayer
, k.F.X., R. W
augh
, P. L
angridge
, t.J. c
lose
, R.P. W
ise
, a. G
raner
, 
t. M
atsumoto
, k. S
ato
, a. S
chulman
, R. a
riyadasa
, d. S
chulte
, n. 
P
oursarebani
, R. z
hou
, b. S
teuernagel
, M. M
ascher
, u. S
cholz
, b. 
S
hi
, k. M
adishetty
, J.t. S
vensson
, P. b
hat
, M. M
oscou
, J. R
esnik
, G.J. 
M
uehlbauer
, P. h
edley
, h. L
iu
, J. M
orris
, z. F
renkel
, a. k
orol
, h. 
b
ergès
, S. t
audien
, M. F
elder
, M. G
roth
, M. P
latzer
, a. h
immelbach
, 
S. L
onardi
, d. d
uma
, M. a
lpert
, F. c
ordero
, M. b
eccuti
, G. c
iardo
, 
Y. M
a
, S. W
anamaker
, F. c
attonaro
, V. V
endramin
, S. S
calabrin
, S. 
R
adovic
, R. W
ing
, M. M
organte
, t. n
ussbaumer
, h. G
undlach
, M. 
M
artis
, J. P
oland
, M. P
feifer
, c. M
oisy
, J. t
anskanen
, a. z
uccolo
, 

33
M. S
pannagl
, J. R
ussell
, a. d
ruka
, d. M
arshall
, M. b
ayer
, d. S
war
-
breck
, d. S
ampath
, S. a
yling
, M. F
ebrer
, M. c
accamo
, t. t
anaka
, S. 
W
annamaker
, t. S
chmutzer
, J.W.S. b
rown
, G.b. F
incher
 & n. S
tein
: 
a physical, genetic and functional sequence assembly of the 
barley genome. nature 491 (2012) 711-716.
P
asam
, R.k., R. S
harma
, M. M
alosetti
, F.a. 
van
 e
euwijk
, G. h
aseneyer
, b. 
k
ilian
 & a. G
raner
: Genome-wide association studies for agro-
nomical traits in a world wide spring barley collection. bMc 
Plant biol. 12 (2012) 16.
S
hahinnia
, F., a. d
ruka
, J. F
ranckowiak
, M. M
organte
, R. W
augh
 & n. 
S
tein
: high resolution mapping of Dense spike-ar (dsp.ar) to 
the genetic centromere of barley chromosome 7h. theor. 
appl. Genet. 124 (2012) 373-384.
S
pies
, a., V. k
orzun
, R. b
ayles
, J. R
ajaraman
, a. h
immelbach
, P.e. h
ed
-
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 & P. S
chweizer
: allele mining in barley genetic resources 
reveals genes of race-non-specific powdery mildew resis-
tance. Front. Plant Sci. 2 (2012) 22 pp.
V
arshney
, R.k., M.J. P
aulo
, S. G
rando
, F.a. 
van
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euwijk
, L.c.P. k
eizer
, P. 
G
uo
, S. c
eccarelli
, a. k
ilian
, M. b
aum
 & a. G
raner
: Genome wide 
association analyses for drought tolerance related traits in bar-
ley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Field crops Res. 126 (2012) 171-180.
z
akhrabekova
, S., S.P. G
ough
, i. b
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, a.h. M
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, J. L
undqvist
, 
k. a
hmann
, c. d
ockter
, i. M
atyszczak
, M. k
urowska
, a. d
ruka
, R. 
W
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, a. G
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, n. S
tein
, b. S
teuernagel
, u. L
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 & M. h
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-
son
: induced mutations in circadian clock regulator Mat-a 
facilitated short-season adaptation and range extension 
in cultivated barley. Proc. natl. acad. Sci. u.S.a. 109 (2012) 
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2013
a
ndeden
, e.e., F.S. b
aloch
, M. d
erya
, b. k
ilian
 & h. Ö
zkan
: iPbS-Re-
trotransposons-based genetic diversity and relationship 
among wild annual Cicer species. J. Plant biochem. biotech-
nol. 22 (2013) 453-466.
b
iselli
, c., S. u
rso
, G. t
acconi
, b. S
teuernagel
, d. S
chulte
, a. G
ianinetti
, 
P. b
agnaresi
, n. S
tein
, L. c
attivelli
 & G. V
alè
: haplotype variability 
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