Grammatical Cohesion sakar, H. Ali m. A. Student / elt cohesion The linguistic features

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Grammatical cohesion .

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   Grammatical Cohesion SAKAR, H. ALI M.A. Student / ELT
   
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   Cohesion The linguistic features which help make a sequence of sentences a text. It occurs in a text through the use of devices that link across sentences. According to Connor (1984), it is defined as the use of explicit cohesive devices that signals relations among sentences and parts of text. Cohesion Is concerned with the ways which the components of text are connected.
   
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   Grammatical cohesion • refers to the various grammatical devices that can be used to make relations among sentences more explicit. • Cohesive devices are used to tie pieces of text together in a specific way. • The aim is to help the reader understand the items referred to, the ones replaced and even the items omitted (Harmer 2004) .furthermore, the combination of sentences using cohesive devices which have semantic relation need a shared linguistic environment to interpret items. • “he said so”
   
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   Types of grammatical cohesion Reference 01 02 03 04 Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction
   
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   Of the five major classes, reference, conjunction and lexical cohesion appear in written discourse, but substitution and ellipsis are more frequent in conversation (de Beaugrande and Dressier 1981, Witte and Faigley 1981)
   
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   Reference One of the options that grammar of English offers creating surface links between sentences is reference .Halliday and Hassan (1976) point out that reference features can not be semantically interpreted without referring to some other features in the text .Pronouns is the most common linguistic element as referring devices in a textual environment. However, there are other linguistic elements used to fulfill the same function such us: articles, demonstratives and comparatives.
   
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   Exophora • involves exercises that require the reader to look out of the text in order to interpret the referent. The reader, thus, has to look beyond or out of the text with a shared world between the reader and the writer. • “Exophoric reference directs the receiver „out of „the text and into an assumed shared world” (McCarthy, 1991: 41). • For example, „that must have cost a lot of money‟ in this example we have to look out of the situation to retrieve the meaning of the sentences (Halliday and Hassan, 1976).
   
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