Grammatical Cohesion sakar, H. Ali m. A. Student / elt cohesion The linguistic features

substitution… as another type of cohesive relation, or cohesive tie, is the process in which one item within a text or discourse is replaced by another . While reference was a relation on the semantic level, i.e. between meanings, substitution is a relation on the lexico grammatical level (level of grammar and vocabulary) “between linguistic items, such as words or phrases” (Halliday & Hasan 1994: 89). A substitute, in its broadest sense, can be seen as “a sort of counter which is used in place of the repetition of a particular item” • “I left my pen at home, do you have one?”

Nominal substitution where the noun or a nominal group can be replaced by a noun. substitutes “one” or “ones” which always functions as head of a nominal group, and can substitute only for an item. • Jack’s car is very old and ugly. He should get a nicer one.

verbal substitution the verb or a verbal group can be replaced by another verb which is “do” .This functions as a head of verbal group, and it is usually placed at the end of the group. e.g. A: Annie says you sleep too much. B: So do you?

clausal substitution is the type of substitution in which what is presupposed is not an element within the clause but an entire clause substituted by “so, not” e.g. A: It is going to rain? B: I think so.

Ellipsis • is simply explained as „substitution by zero‟ (Halliday and Hasan. 1976: 142). • words are deliberately left out of a sentence when the meaning is still clear”. (Harmer, 2004:24) It happens when a word or part of sentence are omitted. Afterward, ellipsis can be divided into three types, there are nominal ellipsis, verbal ellipsis, and clausal ellipsis.

Types of Ellipsis means ellipsis within nominal group Nominal ellipsis is the ellipsis within the verbal group verbal ellipsis Is the ellipsis or omission of a part or all of a clause. clausal ellipsis

