Grammatical peculiarities of toponyms in the english and uzbek languages

Chapter I. Theoretical foundations of linguistic research of toponyms
1.1. Theories of the appearance of toponyms in the language
People began to make a living knowing black and white, they called the surrounding lands, rivers and lakes, mountains and hills, meadows and pastures with a certain name. Early toponyms were simple names that did not differ from common nouns.
a troph expanded, and the need to distinguish one spring from another, one meadow from another, and the nearest hill from the other began to arise. After that, more complicated place names such as Kattabulok - Kichik-bulok, Kyziltepa - Ko'ktepa , Tuyayaylov - Echkiyaylovs appeared. As social consciousness developed, the number of concepts increased, and geographical names became more complicated in terms of grammar and semantics. Geographical names from primitive times have not come down to us because writing had not yet appeared[4.55].
Toponyms are part of the vocabulary of a language. At the same time, place names are quite different from other lexical layers of the language. This difference is reflected in the longevity of toponyms, in their polycomponent, i.e., multi-component composition, in the fact that, according to the internal laws of each language, cognate nouns (appellatives) can participate in the creation of toponyms.
Linguistic tools (models) specific to this language are used to create toponyms. But at the same time, each language has its own means of creating toponyms, that is, certain suffixes (affixes) and words become specialized only or mostly for creating toponyms.
Place names, that is, toponymy, are divided into several types. These are. hydronomy (Greek hydro - water ) , that is , the names of rivers, lakes , seas, streams, canals, bays , straits , waterfalls ; oronymy (from Greek oros - mountain, that is, the names of relief forms of the earth's surface - mountains, peaks, hills, valleys, plains; oiko-nimia (from Greek oikos - house), polynymia (from Greek polis - city) or urbanonomy (Latin urbos - city), i.e. the names of villages and towns, microtoponymy (Greek micros - small), i.e. small objects: springs, wells, fields, meadows, groves, ravines, roads, bridges and even the names of some trees with a proper name. In addition, toponyms named after different peoples, clans and regions are called ethnotoponyms (Greek ethnos - people). Toponyms with the names of people are called anthropotoponyms (Greek anthropos - man). can be called
The debate about which science should include toponymy continued for a long time.
the study of cities, villages , rivers , lakes, geographical names , their origin and history. This science provides rich scientific material to both linguists and historians . .
Geographical names, that is, toponyms, are a part of the language vocabulary and are subject to language laws. Of course, the word should be studied by linguistics. So, toponymy is a part of onomastics that studies nouns and belongs to linguistic sciences.
On the other hand, geographical names, as the most important element of the map, reflect the characteristics of the nature of a country or region. From this point of view, toponymy can be included in the list of geographical sciences.
At the same time, place names are closely related to the history of society. How to name places is determined by the needs of society at a certain stage. Doing toponymy without knowing the history of place names will not give the expected result. That is why toponymy is one of the historical sciences.
So, toponymy is a science between three major fields: linguistics, geography, history. Therefore, many facts of toponymy can be correctly explained only when linguistic, historical and geographical material rich in character is involved. It can be seen that the toponymic research aimed at explaining the origin and history of any geographic or group of names as accurately as possible is not an easy task, but requires a lot of time and effort[2.78].
Toponymy is especially important for geography. A toponym is an exact address of a geographical object. Names are necessary both to define the geographical location of a place ­and to express a geographical concept. Names have a special place among the rich and diverse information presented on a geographic map.
Geographical objects are so numerous and diverse that there must be special words, that is, names, to express them. Geographical names can be said to be a special language of geography. As geographical names express a specific geographical concept, they become terms in several cases. For example, the word volcano, which means fire, is derived from the name of Mount Vulcano in ­Italy . Toponyms represent a geographical concept _ _ _ _e t a di , so studying place names without knowledge of geography can often lead to major scientific errors. Place names reflect features of the geographical environment - landforms, names of plants and animals. At the same time, there is a special feature of naming places. For example, there are not so many toponyms formed from the word "death" in forest regions , and toponyms formed from the word "mountain" in mountainous regions . If there are, they are often names given by peoples living in neighboring areas.
The main reason for this law, which is called relative negativity in toponymy, is that cho'1 does not attract people's attention in all cho'Iboigan places. People look for a natural geographic feature that is somehow different from others to name. That is why the names of wells and some hills are more common in deserts. Because these wells and mountains served as a destination for hunters and shepherds, meadows and water bodies.
Geographical names carry not only a location, but also a lot of information - historical, geographical, linguistic information. Any geographical name has a specific meaning, it is not a meaningless name. But the meaning of many place names has been lost , more precisely, it has become incomprehensible to the people of today. Toponyms bear the fruits of different centuries and live for long periods. A name given in ancient languages is nothing more than a simple toponym for later peoples, they don't always think about what it means.
Geographical names testify to different periods. Scientists of various fields - linguists, geographers, historians, archaeologists, geologists , ethnographers - refer to toponymy . Depending on the geographical names, it is possible to find out what peoples lived in the past, mutual relations between peoples of different nationalities, their ­migration from one place to another .
The study of toponymy is of great importance for the history and theory of language. Many place names are very old. By comparing the geographical names recorded in the primitive written records with their later forms and current pronunciation, we can learn about the changes in the vocabulary of the language and the initial form of the word.
For example, some say that the current Nurotanomy is a combination of Mongolian nuru and Uzbek tov, both of which mean "mountain". recorded more than a thousand years ago. The historian of Bukhara, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ja'far Narshahi, mentions the name of Nur in his work "History of Bukhara" (written in 934-944). In other regions, it is called Nuri Bukhara, writes Narshahi. There were lights other than Nuri Bukhara, that is Bukhara Nuri. For example, there was a Nurdegan village on Mionkol Island between the two branches of Zarafshan - Karadarya and Akdarya. To distinguish him from others, he was called Nuri Miyonkol. Thus, Nur gradually became Nurota: the word Nur (Arabic) is "light", and father
as part of geographical names, it means "stepping stone of dear saints".
means
The importance of toponymy for linguistics, language history, and dialectology is great and diverse. We do not have the opportunity to touch on all these issues separately. Therefore, we would like to draw the reader's attention to only one thing - the issue of the plural category in the toponymy of Uzbekistan. Because the issue of plural in toponymy is one of the untouched and important issues of our linguistics[8.90].
German linguist V. Shperberg, Russian toponymist VANikonov's studies show that the plural form is very common in Roman and Slavic toponyms. Indeed, in Russian toponyms, the plural affix is used a lot. For example, the word "bridge" alone never becomes a toponym in Uzbek, for this some adjective must be added to the word "bridge", such as "Beshko'prik", "Gishtko'prik", "Takhtako'prik". , Bridgehead, etc. In Russian, if the suffix "bridge" is added to the word "most" (bridge), a toponym is created in the form of "Mosto". It is not necessary to paint the bridge a lot. Mosto toponym means bridge in Uzbek. Place names such as Kary, Mari are also understood by Russians as plural words and are classified as such. All of this comes from the nature of the Russian language. In Russian, many words are used only in the plural form (chaso', nojnitso1, etc.).
In Turkic languages, including Uzbek toponyms, plural suffixes are not so common, Uzbek toponyms contain several plural affixes. We will touch on each of them.
There are not many toponyms of Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, that have reached the Khorezm, Sugdian, and ancient Turkic records. There are also a few geographical names mentioned in Greek sources.
The end of the Middle Ages was a second golden period in the coverage of toponymic materials. In particular, the history of Amir Temur and the Timurids, first of all Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi and Nizamiddin Shami's "Zafamoma", Zahiriddin Babur's memoirs - "Boburnoma", the history of the Shaibanis, Hafiz Tanish's "Abdullanoma" and other memoirs, many cities and villages, rivers, rivers, regions and settlements are mentioned. Abulghazi Bahadirkhan's works "Shajarai tarokima", "Shajarai turk" contain many ethnonyms - names of tribes and clans along with some geographical names, which are invaluable sources for toponymists. Khiva, Bukhara, and Kokand khanate documents, endowments, wills contain many geographical, socio-political and other materials that serve as keys to toponyms, so that without studying such rich sources, Uzbekistan thinking about toponymy does not work as expected. In the study of toponymic and terminological treasures of Khiva, Samarkand, Bukhara, Ko'kan, Tashkent documents, Ya. G'. Ghulomov, *1. Scientists such as Yoldoshev, VV Bartold, PP Ivanov, VL Vyatkin, AASemyonov, OD Chekhovich, OA Sukhareva, AB Ahmedov, A. Rvlukhamadjonov, RG Muqminova have done great work.
Toponymics (Latin topos - place, onoma - name) is a science that studies the origin, development, change and correct spelling of geographical names.
Toponymy (Greek topos - place and onyma - name) - onomastication of place names (geographical names), the laws of their appearance or creation, development and change, historical etymological sources and grammatical features, their structure, areas of distribution and reasons for naming student department. A set of place names in a certain area is called an oponymy, and a separate place name is called a toponym. Toponyms, as part of the lexicon of the language, obey the laws of the language like all other words, but in terms of their appearance and some internal characteristics, they are related to the everyday material and spiritual condition, economic life, dreams and aspirations of society, and differ from other groups of words to a certain extent. At the same time , ancient phonetic, lexical and morphological elements typical of our national language are preserved in toponyms. Natural geographical conditions of the place (relief), ethnic composition of the population, people's profession and occupation, fossils. resources, historical figures and events are the main sources of toponyms.
Toponymy develops in close connection with geography, history, ethnology. Toponymy is an important source in the study of language history (historical lexicology, dialectology, etymology, etc.), because some toponyms (especially hydronyms) preserve unchanged archaisms and dialectisms, often going back to the substrate languages of the peoples who lived in a certain area. Toponymy helps to revive the features of the historical past of peoples, to determine the boundaries of their location, to describe the regions of the past distribution of languages, the geography of cultural and economic centers, trade routes and cities. Practical transcription of toponyms, according to their original basis , is the samedifferentWriting and rendering in other languages is a practical aspect of toponymy[3.66].
Toponyms are divided into macrotoponyms and microtoponyms, depending on whether they are the names of large or small objects: macrotoponyms are nouns of large areas, large objects (continents, oceans, mountains, deserts, rivers, cities, villages, etc.); microtoponyms are names of small objects (cliffs, hills, wells, streets, mounds, etc.). But this classification of toponyms is necessary, because it is often difficult to distinguish between macrotoponyms and microtoponyms.