Guessing vocabulary from context in reading texts
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Interactions 2: Integrated Skills
published by McGraw Hill Contemporary in 2003 were used. The criteria taken into consideration in selecting the reading texts are as follows: • Whether the texts match the comprehension ability of pre- intermediate readers; 39 • Whether the texts were intriguing enough for stimulating interest and curiosity in the participants; • Whether the texts were suitable in terms of investigating the strategy use in guessing vocabulary from context. The expository reading text titled “Changing Career Trends” (see Appendix A) was used in the in-class reading task. The text was about job opportunities, job security, and job-hopping. It contained 806 words, 16 of which were target words. All target words were content words consisting of six nouns, six verbs, and four adjectives. The title of the reading text used in the training sessions was “The Human Brain–New Discoveries” (see Appendix B). This text, which was about the human brain and the differences in male and female brains, was much shorter than the text used during the TAPs because the aim was to train the participants in thinking-aloud by demonstrating what they were expected to do while reading and deriving the meanings of target words. The text used in the training sessions contained 205 words, 6 of which were target words. The target words consisted of three nouns and three verbs. During the TAPs, the participants dealt with an expository text titled “How to Read a Newspaper” (see Appendix C). This text, which was about reading a newspaper as a way to improve English, contained 831 words, 14 of which were target words. 4 nouns, 4 verbs, 4 adjectives, and 2 adverbs were chosen as the target vocabulary, and they were all content words. In all of the reading texts, the target words were written in bold so that the participants would know which words they were to guess. If the same words appeared more than once, they were in italicized to indicate that the word had been seen before. 40 All of the target words to be guessed in the reading texts used in this study were made-up words. That is, these words do not exist in English, they are made up by the researcher according to the orthographic and morphological rules of English by maintaining all the inflectional and derivational morphemes. In the text used in the in-class reading task, 16 words: choice, determined, varies, quit, self-confidence, flexible, industrial, upgrade, focus, distract, drawback, available, addicted, leisure activities, symptoms, and pleasure were selected as the target words. Then, they were replaced with made-up words: sinate, wanhered, yates, cest, vesk-janince, qunowen, dapolial, begivare, ohenis, tilikess, whistinkesh, amihable, thalleted, bogusare hesarices, ummugans, and meracism. In the training reading text there were six words to be guessed: exposed, exercise, bothering, origins, dominance, and feelings. They were changed as yobited, hedfinize, remdeting, pafamades, seminance, and manicions. In the text used during the TAPs, 14 words: tricks, hiding, regularly, aloud, spend, headlines, gossip, actual, includes, important, objective, last, preview, and report were selected and replaced with artificial words: pracks, danding, chaningly, adant, glurk, predpines, bissip, hatal, mintends, reminent, artictive, wist, pretern, and sidelt. Two of the target words bissip and hatal were invented so that they looked like the actual English words gossip and actual . The aim to use similar sounding words was to see whether the students would make any intralingual phonological associations. There were no explicit criteria for the invention of the other target words. The researcher only tried to invent the words according to the morphological and orthographic rules of English by using affixation, as mentioned before. 41 The decision to use made-up words in this study was made after a review of research on contextual guessing. Some researchers have used made-up or nonsense words in their studies concerning lexical inferencing. For example, Haynes (1993) reports that in her study as in the studies conducted by Hamburg and Spaan (1982) and Walker (1981) nonsense words were used so that no student would have previous knowledge of the words to be guessed. Similarly, Pulido (2003) used nonsense words to ensure that no learners had prior knowledge of the target words under investigation. She reports that many researchers have used this approach in previous research on L2 vocabulary acquisition (e.g. Hulstijn, 1992, 1993; Lee & Wolf, 1997; Pulido, 1999; Walker, 1983 as cited in Pulido, 2003; Chern, 1993; Haynes, 1993). The advantages and disadvantages of using artificial words have been discussed by many researchers. For instance, according to Haynes (1993), Pulido (2003), and Frantzen (2003), one advantage is that no participant will have previous knowledge of the word meanings. On the other hand, a drawback proposed by Frantzen (2003), is that the learners will not have the chance to use the stem of the word as a clue to find the meaning of the word. Another side effect of using pseudo- words is the possibility of learners’ acquisition of these artificial words. Researchers try hard to create words that look like target language words by adding affixes, and this makes it more likely that these words will become part of the participants’ personal lexicon (Frantzen, 2003). Although, as Frantzen (2003) discusses, there are disadvantages to using artificial words, for the purpose of achieving validity, made-up words were used instead of actual English words in the present study. Since none of the participants 42 had prior knowledge of the target words, they employed strategies to guess these words. Therefore, the strategies used by the participants to infer the meanings of target words were valid. In this study, in order not to affect the inferencing process negatively, the Download 0.63 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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