Guessing vocabulary from context in reading texts
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(industrial). Students were informed that if they could not find a synonym in English for a target word, they might also write a synonym in Turkish. This was because of the fact that a student might successfully guess the meaning of a word but might not be able to express it in English. This study was not concerned with the proficiency of the students in their L2. The researcher was interested in the cognitive processes the readers go through when they tried to guess the meaning of an unknown word. Therefore, if the students were able to express their guesses in their L1 but not in their L2, they were allowed to do so. The results of the piloting showed that it was a good idea to allow students to write synonyms in Turkish. Some students wrote Turkish words for some of the target vocabulary, and these were mostly correct 45 guesses. Allowing participants to provide synonyms in their native language had not been practiced in any other study concerning lexical inferencing, so the researcher in this study was concerned that the students might use Turkish words excessively because it would be easier for them. However, they only used Turkish words when they really could not find an English word. When scoring the participants’ responses in Turkish, the same criteria used for scoring the responses in the target language were taken into consideration. An answer that was semantically, syntactically, and contextually appropriate was rated as correct. If a response was semantically correct but syntactically deviant, it was rated as partially correct. It was found in many studies concerning lexical inferencing that knowing the meanings of the words in the surrounding context of texts helped L2 learners guess the meanings of unfamiliar words. It was also found in these studies that learners had problems in word guessing if they did not know the meanings of vocabulary in the surrounding context (see Chapter 2, p. 33). Considering this result of the previous studies, in this pilot study the students were asked to underline the words they did not know other than the target words, to obtain a rough idea of the vocabulary size of the students. It was seen that the students did not have difficulty understanding the context because they knew most of the words in the surrounding context. The TAPs were piloted on February 17, 2006, one week before the main investigation. Three students from the class that attended the piloting of the in-class reading task participated in the piloting of the TAPs. One of them was a successful guesser, and the other two were reported by their teacher to be quite unsuccessful. By this piloting, I had an idea of how long each TAP would last. Even with the less 46 successful guessers, the TAPs were completed in approximately half an hour, which is a reasonable time for conducting TAPs. The pilot study showed that the participants had difficulty with two of the target words: virate (improve) and jorn (skip). None of them could find synonyms for these words, so they were considered again before the main study. It was seen that the text did not provide enough context for the words virate and jorn for pre- intermediate students to derive their meanings; therefore, they were not targeted. As in the piloting of the in-class reading task, in the piloting of the TAPs, the students were asked to underline the unknown words other than the target words. This was done to see if there were many unfamiliar words in the surrounding context for the target words, which would affect successful guessing. All three participants in the pilot study pointed at the same three words (acquire, challenging, trash) as unknown and had difficulty in glossing the target words preceding or coming after them. Therefore, these words were simplified by replacing them with other words fitting the context (learn, difficult, rubbish) that the students already knew. The participants of the pilot study had a positive attitude towards the tasks. They expressed that they liked the reading tasks and they would like to attend this kind of studies again. Apart from getting such comforting comments, by piloting the reading tasks I designed, I had the chance to see how they would work in real life with real students. I was also able to recognize the weaknesses and the strengths of the reading tasks. Administration of the In-class Reading Task The in-class reading task was administered on February 17, 2006 at Hacettepe University DBE. 32 pre-intermediate students participated in the task. They were 47 instructed that they were supposed to guess the meanings of 16 target words which were written in bold. They were asked to find synonyms for the target words. They were informed that if they could not find a synonym in English for a target word, they might also provide a synonym in Turkish. Some of the participants completed the required task in 15 minutes. However, the majority handed in their papers in 45 minutes. A few students asked questions about the study and the target words after they had completed the task. Their questions were answered by the researcher who was present in the classroom during the administration of the reading task. Training Sessions for the TAPs Training the participants before the TAPs is important. Gass and Mackey (2000) assert that it is really difficult to conduct TAPs without training because most people need practice and modeling to be able to verbalize their thoughts while dealing with a problem-solving task. Training helps participants become more fluent in verbalizing their thoughts. When participants are given the chance to practice before the real task, they become familiar with thinking-aloud and in addition, the researcher has the opportunity to correct the participants who attempt to interpret their thoughts instead of verbalizing whatever comes to their minds (Van Someren et al., 1994). Before the TAPs were conducted, participants were trained in thinking-aloud by the researcher in individual sessions which lasted for 10-15 minutes. The participants were first informed about the purpose of the study and how they were to verbalize their thoughts (see Appendix D for training session talk). As suggested in the literature, they were told that they were free to use their L1 (Turkish), L2 48 (English) or both, while they were dealing with the reading task and vocalizing their thoughts (O’Malley & Chamot, 1990; Bengeleil & Paribakht, 2004). The text titled “The Human Brain–New Discoveries” used in the training sessions, consisted of two paragraphs, and it was very similar to the target task as recommended by Van Someren et al. (1994). With the first paragraph, the researcher modeled the verbal process, herself. Then, with the second paragraph, the participants were given the opportunity to practice verbalizing what was going on in their minds (Van Someren et al., 1994). Van Someren et al. (1994) recommend starting the actual think-aloud session after the researcher is confident that the Download 0.63 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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