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“ХХI АСРДА ИЛМ-ФАН ТАРАҚҚИЁТИНИНГ РИВОЖЛАНИШ ИСТИҚБОЛЛАРИ ВА УЛАРДА ИННОВАЦИЯЛАРНИНГ
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November conf 2019 part 1
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“ХХI АСРДА ИЛМ-ФАН ТАРАҚҚИЁТИНИНГ РИВОЖЛАНИШ ИСТИҚБОЛЛАРИ ВА УЛАРДА ИННОВАЦИЯЛАРНИНГ
ТУТГАН ЎРНИ” МАВЗУСИДАГИ РЕСПУБЛИКА ИЛМИЙ-ONLINE КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯСИ МАТЕРИАЛЛАРИ 181 forms: German ‘Liebe, ‘lieben, ‘liebte, ge’liebt. Since the stress was fixed on the root, the weakening and loss of sounds mainly affected the suffixes and grammatical endings: PG - fiskaz, gt. Fisks, OIL - fiskr, OE - fisc=fish. PG - Proto-Germanic, gt - gothic, OIL - old Icelandic. Vowels Strict differentiation of long and short vowels is commonly regarded as an important characteristic of the Germanic group. IE short [o] changed in Germanic into the more open vowel [a]; PIE [a:] changed PG [o:]; PIE PG non-Germanic Germanic old modern o a L. nox, Ir. Noch, R. Ночь Gt. Nahts SW. Natt Oicel natt G. NachtOHG naht R. могу, мочь Gt. Magan SW. Ma OE mazan NE may a: o: L. mater Oicel. Mo ir SW. Moder R.мать OE modor NE mother OInd. Bhrata GT bro ar SW broder OE bro or NE brother In Late PG, in the vowel system contained the following sounds: short vowels - i, e, a, o, u; long vowels - i:, e:, a:, o:, u:. PIE - Proto-Indo-European OE - Old English Sw - Swedish NE - New English OS - Old Saxon WG - West Germanic It – Italian MG - North Germanic e.g. example gratia - for instance Sanskr - Sanskrit Sp – Spanish Lith - Lithuanian R – Russian L -Latin OInd - Old Indian Ir - Irish OHG - Old High German Consonants. The First consonant shift. Jacob Grimm’s Law. The specific peculiarities of consonants constitute the most remarkable distinctive feature of the Germanic linguistic group. Comparison with other languages within the IE family reveals regular correspondences between Germanic and Non-Germanic consonants. The changes of consonants stated in the law of the first consonant shift were found out by comparative linguistics early in the 19th century. These changes of consonants in PG were first formulated in terms of a phonetic law by Jacob Grimm (1785-1863). Jacob Ludwig Grimm was a great German Linguist and fairy-tales collector. These phenomena are also known as the «First or Proto-Germanic consonant shift». Grimm’s Law expresses regular correspondences between consonants of Germanic and those of other Indo-European languages. When we compare words of Germanic languages with the corresponding word of other Indo-European languages we find correspondences between them: 1. IE voiceless stops (p, t, k) correspond to Germanic voiceless fricatives (f, h 2. IE voiced stops (b, d, g) correspond to Germanic voiceless stops (p, t, k) 3. IE voiced aspirated stops (bh, dh, gh) correspond to Germanic voiced stops without aspiration (b, d, g) This consonant shift is called the first, to distinguish it from the second consonant shift, which occurred in High German dialects in the 5th-7th centuries. Grimm’s Law Sounds Examples Examples IE Germ IE Germanic p f Latin - Pater – father Greek – pater Sanskrit – Pitar Latin - Plenus – full Greek – pleos Russian – полный Latin - piscis – рыба Sanskrit - napat – потомок Greek - anepsios - племянник References: 1.Прокош Э. Сравнительная грамматика германских языков. М., 1954 4. 2.Жирмунский В.Ш. Введение в сравнительно-историческое изучение германских языков. М-Л., 1964 5. Сравнительная грамматика германских языков I-IV т.т. М., 1962-1966 6. Введение в германскую филологию. М., 1980 7. 3.Гухман М.М. Готский язык. М., 1958 8. Tursunov B. German filologiyasiga kirish. Samarqand, 2001 4.Dave Morgan. A short history of the British people. Leipzig, 1974 |
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