Ingliz tili fani o’qituvchisi Shirinov Bekzodning


OTLARNING KO’PLIK SONI (THE PLURAL FORMS OF THE NOUNS)


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TUGARAK INGLIZ TILI (2)

OTLARNING KO’PLIK SONI (THE PLURAL FORMS OF THE NOUNS)
Birlik sondagi otga -s, (-es) qo’shimchasini qo’shish orqali otlarning ko’plik shakli yasaladi.
-s qo’shimchasi undosh, unli yoki o’qilmaydigan “e” bilan tugagan otlar oxirida qo’shiladi: a lamp – lamps, a pie – pies, a flower – flowers, a ball – balls…
-es qo’shimchasi – s, ss, x, ch, sh, tch kabi harf va harf birikmalariga tugagan so’zlarga qo’shiladi.
Bus – buses, dress – dresses, fox – foxes, dish – dishes, bench – benches…
-es qo’shimchasi – undosh +y va f, fe bilan tugagan otlarga qo’shilganda y harfi – i ga, f harfi – v ga aylanadi. city – cities, country – countries, leaf – leaves, knife – knives. Ingliz tilida ayrim otlarning ko’plik shakli yuqoridagi o’zgarishi bilan ko’plikka aylanadi. Masalan:man–men, woman–women, foot –feet, mouse – mice, tooth–teeth, ox–oxen…
SANALADIGAN OTLAR (COUNTABLE NOUNS)
Biz sanay oladigan narsalar sanaladigan otlar hisoblanadi. Ularning birlik va ko’plik shakli bor. Sanaladigan otlar bilan sonlarni ishlatsa bo’ladi. Masalan: “one girl”, “two girls” deyish mumkin.
There’re 27 students in your auditorium.
Mabrura likes dogs but she doesn’t like parrots.
SANALMAYDIGAN OTLAT (UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS)
Biz sanay olmaydigan narsalar sanalmaydigan otlar hisoblanadi. Ularning ko’pligi yo’q. Sanalmaydigan otlar bilan sonlar ishlatilmaydi. Masalan: “one milk”, “two milks” va boshqalar deb aytish mumkin emas.
Sanalmaydigan otlar: fire – olov, water – suv, air – havo, butter – sariyog’, tea – choy, qahva – coffee, gold – oltin, wheat – bug’doy, paper – qog’oz, blood – qon va boshqalar.
Bundan tashqari juft narsalarni anglatadigan otlar mavjud bo’lib, ular huddi ko’plik shaklga o’xshab “s” harfi bilan tugaydi, lekin ularni ko’pincha faqat birlikda ishlatish mumkin. Masalan: scissors – qaychi, jeans – jinsi, trousers – shim, spectacles – ko’zoynak, tights – kolgotki, shorts – short, economics – iqtisodiyot, physics – fizika, mathematics – matematika, athletics – atletika, gymnastics – gimnastika…
Mavhum otlar belgi, xususiyat, holat va harakat nomlarini ifodalab keladi. Mavhum otlar predmeti bo’lmasa ham predmet o’rnida ishlatilib, odatda donalab sanalmaydi: conscience – insof, influenza – gripp, goodness – yaxshilik va boshqalar.

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