Ingliz tili gap tuzilishida so'z tartibining o'zgarishi

INGLIZ TILI GAP TUZILISHIDA SO'Z TARTIBINING O'ZGARISHI

So'z tartibida kesimdan so'ng eganing kelishi, so'z tartibining o'zgarishi yoki inversiya deb nomlanadi.
Masalan: Haven't you any family?
Gapning muayan turlari so’zda so'z tartibining o'zgarishini talab qiladi. Bulardan biri so'roq gaplardir. Bu holat ko'pincha yordamchi va modal fe'llar bilan egadan oldin joylashtirilgan kesimdan va uning qismlarida uchraydi.
Masalan: Where did they find her?
Can I show you my library?
Agar gap to be hamda to have fe'llari bilan ifodalansa, kesim egadan oldin keladi.
Masalan: Is he at home?
Have you many friends?
Eslatma: ( Agar so'roq gapga gapning egasi so'roq so'z yoki aniqlovchi bo'lib kelsa, inversiyadan foydalanilmaydi).
Masalan: Who is in the room?
Who speaks English here?
What photos are lying on the table?
Soz'lar there orqali joylashtiriladi.
Masalan: There is nothing marvellous in what Jame is going to relate.
In the line where he sat there opened three or four garden gates.
Qo'shma gaplarda ularning ikkinchi qismi so yoki neither bilan boshlanadi.
Masalan: "Most of these military men are good shoots" observed Mr. Shodgrass, calmly, but so are you, aren't you?
Their parents, Mrs. and Mr. White escaped unhurt? So did their of three sons.
Oddiy undov gaplarda istak-xohishni ifodalaydi.
Masalan: Be it so!
So'z tartibi o'zgarishida, so'z yoki so'zlar guruhi, so'z boshi yoki oxirida kelishidan
qat’iy nazar aniq va muayyan vaziyatda qo'yiladi va ko'proq natijaga ega bo'ladi. Shu sababli garchi uslubiy tuzilishini talab qilsa ham tez-tez urg'uning bir manbasi bo'lib keladi. Bu holatda inversiya gap tuzilishiga ta'sir o'tkazmaydi, ammo muallifning xohish istagi aniq uslubiy natijalarda beriladi. Agar gap hol bilan berilsa, inversiya ro'y beradi. Bu yerda quyidagi sabablar bilan farqlanishimiz mumkin:
a)Hol bilan ifodalangan birikmalar yoki birikmali gaplarda tez-tez davomiy o'zgarishlar uchrab turadi.
Masalan: In an open barracks, the horses of which had been taken out, stood a stout old gentelmen in a blue coat and bright buttons.
b)Agar hol inkor ma'no bilan gapda kelsa quyida bir nechta ravishdoshlarga tegishli bo'ladi. Ular vain, never, little va boshqalar. Bu holatda do yordamchi fe'lidan foydalaniladi.¹³ Agar kesim yordamchi fe'lni yoki modal fe'lni o'z ichiga olmasa:
Masalan: Little had I dreamed, when I pressed my face longly against Miss Minns's would green window panes, that I would so soon have the honour to be her guest.
Masalan: Never before and never since, have I known such peace, such a sence of tranquil happiness.
c) Agar hol qo’yidagi ravishlar bilan ifodalansa, bular so, thus, now, then va boshqalar bo'lib gap boshida kelsa, ega ot orqali ifodalanadi.
Masalan: So wore the day away.
Now was the moment to act.
Then across the evening stillness, broke a blood curdling help and Montmorency left the boat.
Agar ega olmosh bo'lib kelsa, inversiya holati sodir bo'lmaydi.
Masalan: Thus he thaught and crumpled up and sank down upon the wet earth.
d) Ravish ergash gaplar ravishlar bilan ifodalanib gap boshida kelsa, inversiyaga sabab bo'lishi yoki bo'lmasligi ham mumkin. Inversiya hodisasida do yordamchi fe'li ishlatilishi mumkin. Agar kesim yo yordamchi fe'lni yoki modal fe'lni ichiga olmasa:
Masalan: Silently and patiently did the doctor bear all this.
Dimly and darkly had the shadows of a summer's night fallen upon all around, when they again reached in Dingley Dell.
Lekin:
Masalan: And suddenly the moon appeared, young, and tender, floating up on her back from being a tree. Speedily to chat worthy gentleman appeared.
Bu misolda, biz osonlik bilan aniqlovchini so'z o'zgarishidan oldin qo'yamiz, lekin so'ng bu aniq bo'lmaydi. Sifatning bitta vazifasi juda kamdan-kam uchraydi. So'z o'zgartiruvchidan keyin alohida urg'u berish uchun tez-tez ikki yoki undan ortiq sifatlar joylashgan bo'ladi. Bu sifatlar bog'lovchi orqali bog'langan bo'lishi ham bog'lanmagan bo'lishi ham mumkin.
Masalan: He gave Annette a look furtive and searching.¹⁴
(He gave Annette a furtive and searching look"-ushbu gapda biroq kamroq urg'u tushiryapti)
All sorts of fancier bright and dark talanted my mind.
Agar ikki yoki undan ortiq aniqlovchi sifatlar vazifasida kelsa, ular ot bilan bog'langanda ularda hech qanday o'zgarish bo'lmaydi. Ular aniqlanib keladi va natijada vergul bilan ajratiladi.
Masalan: When I looked up, there stood the window, pale,grave, and amazed.
The boy inherited his own eyes, large, brilliant and black.
Agar to'ldiruvchi kishilik olmoshi yoki atoqli otning sifat o'zgartiruvchilar orqali ifodalanib kelsa, predloglar yoki postpozitsiya joylashgan yo joylashmaganidan qat'iy nazar, ular bog'lovchilar bilan bog'lanmagan bo'ladi
Masalan: Clare, restless, went out into the bath.
Pale and constrained, he walked into the room and took his seat at the window.¹⁵
Hol deyarli har doim vositasiz to'ldiruvchini kesimdan ajratadi. U yo kesimdan oldin yoki vositasiz to'ldiruvchidan keyin keladi.
Masalan: Helen heard me patiently in the end.
Biz juda yaxshi ayta olamizki "Helen patiently heard me in the end ", lekin holning boshqa hech qanday holatda bu yerda bo'lishi mumkin emas, garchi bu urg'u ma'nosini anglatib kelsa ham, bu holatda u gapning boshida joylashtiriladi. Hattoki, hol vositasiz to'ldiruvchini o'zining fe'lidan ajratadi, agar to'ldiruvchi aniqlovchiga ega bo'lsa,
Masalan: He knew instinctively the principles, of "Pyramiding " and "kiting" .
He could read English but he saw there an olied speech.
Payt ergash gap odatda yo gapning boshida yoki oxirida keladi.
Masalan: On Tuesday night the new laundrymen arrived, and the rest of the week was spent breaking them into the routine.
Probably we shall try tomorrow.
Now va then ravishlari bilan ifodalangan hol deyarli tanlangan bir holatda ishlatishimiz mumkin.
Masalan: Tess then remembered that the would have.
Indeed, anything untoward was now sedulously kept from James.
Eslatma: Payt ergash gaplarda day, night, evening, morning kabi payt ravishlaridan oldin soati aniq ko'rsatiladi.
Masalan: At nine in the evening Badly White, opened the door to the room and poked his head in.¹⁶
O'rin ergash gaplar odatda yo gapning boshida yoki oxirida turadi.
Masalan: Down in the mill yard a Bessemer furnace was blawing flame into the city.
George led the guests into the parlaur.
There it was all spiritual. Here it was all material and meanly material, a library was a most likely place for her, and he might see her there. Hattoki, o'rin ergash gaplar ba'zan kesim bilan predlogli to'ldiruvchi o'rtasida keladi:
Masalan: He emerged from the theatre with the first of the crowd.
O'rin ergash gaplar odatda payt va maqsad ergash gaplardan oldin keladi.
Masalan: I am going to the country tomorrow.
Well, they only kept up there about an hour.
Sybel had gone to town to buy a new carpet. For the first floor landing.
Tez-tez qaytalanadigan ergash gaplarning o'rni ko'pincha boshqa bir nechta ergash gaplarga qaraganda belgilanadigan bo'ladi.¹⁷ Ularni boshqa bir holatlarda erkin holatda ham uchratish mumkin. Qoidaga ko'ra hozirgi noaniq zamon fe'li kesimlik shaklidan oldin keladi. Ammo “to be” va barcha modal fe'llar ham qo'yiladi:
Masalan: No one ever loved me.
Lily would complain that she always told.
Jane everything knew. She was always on the point of telling him the truth.
Hattoki, ular ba'zida "to be" fe'lidan oldin kelib ularga urg'u beriladi.
Masalan: You were awfully good about bung pushed up here but then you always are good about the things that happen to you.
As for Charlie, he needed frequently to have a confident.
Don't be worried about what may never happen.
He can never leave out an irreligious finder.
I'd just love to come. But Francis and I can't ever be away together.
Take your hands away, Heickleberry.
What a mess you are always making.
She cared for Ailen more than she had ever cared for any of her children.
I never heard of such a thing she exclaimed.
It will never be frank it can't be.
Hattoki sometimes va generally ravishlari fe'ldan oldin yoki keyin kelishi mumkin.
Masalan: Far he sometimes thought that, unless he proclaimed to the word what had happened to him, he would be again full quite in possession of his soul.¹⁸
Masalan: And I got so lonely here sometimes.
So'roq gaplarda tez-tez takrorlanib keladigan hol ya'ni ravishlar zudlik bilan egadan keyin keladi.
Masalan: Did you ever have those like that?
Does he often come to see you?
Payt ergash gaplar ba'zan birinchi o'rinni egallaydi. Bu holat odatda inversiyaga sabab bo'lmaydi.
Masalan: Often he had asked her to come and pass judgement on his funk.
Occasionally a small band of people followed the preachers to their mission .
Ko'p hollarda ravishdoshlaming shakllari agar fe'l o'timsiz bo'lsa, vositasiz to'ldiruvchidan keyingi o'rinda keladi.
Masalan: "You needn't worry about me" Louise said stoutly.
Susane shakes hands iffusively with Sartorius.
Ravish ergash gaplar odatda fe'1 kesim bilan predlogli vositali to'ldiruvchi o'rtasida keladi, garchi to'ldiruvchidan keyin aniqlansa ham.
Masalan: She leaned lightly against his shoulder.
Gwendolen though I asked most distinctly for bread and butter, you have given me cake.
Hattoki, ravish ergash gaplar tez-tez ravish orqali ifodalanadi va zudlik bilan kesimdan oldin keladi.
Masalan: Bessie was already gone, and had closed the nursery door upon me I slowly descended.
Qo'shma zamon shakllarida ravish ergash gap ravish bilan ifodalanadi va odatda oxirgi yordamchi fe'ldan keyin keladi.
e.g There ladies were deferentially reclaimed by Miss Temple.
e.g Mr Ernest has been suddenly called back to town.
5. Hol darajasi har doim kesimdan oldin keladi, agar fe'l qo'shma zamon shaklda kelsa, ular ilk yordamchilardan keyin keladi
Masalan: I entirely agree with you.
He has quite forgotten about the concert.
Hol darajasi enough ravish orqali ifodalanadi, odatda sifat keyin, lekin otgan oldin yoki keyin kelishi mumkin.¹⁹
Masalan: He is clever enough but very lazy.
Agar enough otni aniqlab kelsa, undan oldin yoki keyin kelishi mumkin.
Masalan: I have time enough to do it.
I have time enough to do it.
I have enough time to do it.
Hol so bilan ifodalanib so'z boshida keladi.
Masalan: So beautifuly did she sing that her audience burst into applause.
Once imfatik so'zi when bog'lovchisi bilan bog'langan hardly, scardly ravishlari, than bog'lovchisi bilan bog'langan, no sooner ravish yoki no bog'lovchisi bilan bog'langan gaplarda inversiyasi sodir bo'ladi. Agar inversiya bo'lsa do dan foydalanishimiz mumkin.
Masalan: Only once did he must this match in tennis.
I do not care to speak fluently.
No sooner had Aunt Juliya received this emblem of departure than a change came over .
O'rin ergash gap bo'lmagan here so'zi bilan boshlangan gapda inversiya ro'y beradi, lekin biroz namoyishkorona ta'sirga ega.
Masalan: "Here is my card, Sir" replied Mr.
Pichwick "Вот моя визитная карточка сэр " ответил мистер Пиквик.
"Here comes My brother John' "-Вот идёт мой брат Джон"
Agar to'g'ridan to'g'ri ega kelishik olmoshi orqali ifodalansa, so'z tartibiga aylanadi.
Masalan: "Here he is!" said Sam rising wish great glad. - " Вот он!" радостно сказал Сэm вставая
"Here we are!" exclaimed that gentleman- «Вот и мы!» -воскликнул этот джентельмен. ²⁰
Agar gap yo'nalishini aniqlatishdan oldingi so'z bilan boshlansa va ega ot orqali ifodalansa inversiya sodir bo'ladi. Bu so’zlar quyidagilar:
In,out, down, away, up va boshqalar. Bu so'z tartibi asosan nutqni o'stirishga undaydi.
Masalan: The wind carries their voices away feely the sentences like little narrow ribbons.
Suddenly in bounced the land lady.
There's a letter for you miss Moss.
Lekin agar ega olmosh bo'lsa, inversiya bo'lmaydi.
Masalan: Down he fell.²¹
Her shirt flies up above her waist, she tries to beat it down , but it is, no use up it flick.
Agar to'ldiruvchi yoki hol “not a” yoki “many a” kabi so'z guruhi bilan ifodalansa inversiya sodir bo'ladi.
Inversiya holatda do yordamchi fe'lidan foydalanishimiz kerak, egar kesim yordamchi yoki modal fe'llarni o'z ichiga olmasa bu holat ro'y beradi.
Masalan:
Not a hint, however did she grasp about sending me to school
Many a time had he watched him digging I hated that man, many and many a time had my fingers longed to tear him.
Agar kesim sifat yoki ot orqali ifodalansa sifat yoki such olmosh bilan boshlangan gaplarda o'zgartirish kiritilsa (bu holatda ega ot yoki gumon olmoshi bo'lsa) inversiya tez—tez sodir bo'ladi.
Masalan: Violent was Mr. Weller's indignation as he was born along.
Agar kesim as bog'lovchisi bilan kelsa to'siqsiz ergash gaplarda umuman inversiya holati uchramaydi. Masalan: Great as was its influence upon individual souls it, did not seriously affect the main current of the life of the church or of the nation. Hatto, agar ega kishilik olmoshi bilan ifodalansa asosiy fe'l egadan keyin keladi. Masalan: Bright eyes they were.
A strange place it was.
Umuman "inversiya" narsalarining tartibiga qarab o'zgaradi. Agar "X" odatda "U" dan oldin kelsa so'z tartibining o'zfarishida birinchi "U" keyin "X" bo'ladi. Ingliz tili grammatikasini ko'zdan kechirayotganizmizda biz gapda ega va fe'lning oddiy so'z tartibida namunaviy inversiyani ko'ramiz.
Ingliz tilida "Inversiya" nimaligini tushuntirishda birinchi navbatda oddiy gaplar shunga o'xshash deb o'ylaysiz. Ya'ni "Graffite" is ugly.
Gaplardagi bu holatda ega fe'ldan oldin kelishi kerak . Bu odattiy so'z tartibidir. Ko'pgina oddiy namunalarda so'z tartibini o'zgarishini ega va fe'lni savol ko'rinishida ko'rsatiladi.
Masalan: "Is graffite ugly"²²
Ingliz tilida bu turdagi so'z tartibi ko'pincha savol tuzishda qo'llaniladi. Lekin so'z tartibi o'zgartirilgan gapda ega va fe'lning oddiy qatorida emas. Ingliz tilining ECPE grammatika bo'limida so’zlarning tog'ri tartibi qatorini ko'rinishida to'g'ri keladigan bir qancha savollar bo'ladi. Ba'zan inversiyaga kerak bo'ladi, ba’zan esa yo'q.

3.