Ingliz tili gap tuzilishida so'z tartibining o'zgarishi

MUNDARIJA:

1. 
   INGLIZ TILIDA SO'Z TARTIBI……………………………………….…2
   
2. 
   INGLIZ TILI GAP TUZILISHIDA SO'Z TARTIBINING O'ZGARISHI……………………………………………………………....17
   
3. 
   INGLIZ TILLARIDA GAPNING BOSH BO‘LAKLARI TARTIBI…....26
   
4. 
   XOZIRGI ZAMON TILSHUNOSLIGIDA SINTAKSIS MASALASI VA UNING STILISTIK JIHATLARI………….28
   
5. 
   SAVOLLAR VA GAPLAR SAVOLLARGA O'XSHASH BO'LISHI MUMKIN………………………………………………………….………31
   

XULOSA…………………………………………………………………..….35
FOYDALAMILGAN ADABIYOTLAR……………………………………..37

1. 
   INGLIZ TILIDA SO'Z TARTIBI
   

Ingliz tilida so'z tartibi o’zbek tiliga qaraganda biroz muhimroqdir. Gapdagi har bir so’zning vazifasini ma'lum darajada mustaqil tuslanib ko'rsatadi. Rus tili so'zga so'z tartibi tuslanishi katta hajmdaligi sababli ingliz tilida so'zlarning deyarli tuslanishi o'zgaradi va gapdagi joylashish o'rnini bir-biriga bog'lab ko'rsatadi va ingliz tilida belgilangan so'z tartibi shakli o'zgarmaydi. Buni namunali misollar bilan yaqqol ko'rsatadigan bo'lsak, biz gap bo'laklarini, asosan ega va to'ldiruvchining o'rnini o'zgartira olmaymiz.
Masalan:Mrs Winter sent the little boy wishes a message to the next village on December day.¹
Agar biz birinchi o'ringa vositali to'ldiruvchini qo'ysak va egani uchinchi o'ringa joylashtirsak gapning ma'nosi umuman o'zgaradi. Chunki ega bo'lib gapning boshida joylashtirilgan to'ldiruvchi va to'ldiruvchi bo'lib kelgan kesimdan keyin joylashtirilgan to'ldiruvchi va to'ldiruvchi bo'lib kelgan kesimdan keyin joylashtirilgan ega bo'lib keladi.
Masalan: The little boy sent Mrs. Winter wishes a message to the next village on December day.
O’zbek tilida so'z tartibidagi bu kabi o'zgarishlar ko'p holatlarda uchraydi.
Masalan:
Mening opam seni opangni Moskvada ko’rgan.
Shuning uchun so'z tartibi kelishiklarning aniq farqi amaliy jihatdan ega va vositali to'ldiruvchi o'rtasidagi farqning asosiy vositadir. Yuqorida gaplarda keltirilgan, misollarda keltirilishicha, ingliz tilida darak gaplarda so'z tartibi to'g'ridan to'g'ri xizmat qiladi.
l) Ega

2. 
   Kesim
   
3. 
   To’ldiruvchi
   

4)Hol
Darak gapda soz' tartibi
Umuman gaplarda ikki xil so'z tartibi uchraydi.
1 )To'g'ri soz tartibi '(Direct word order)
2) Teskari so'z tartibi (Inverted order of words)
Teskari so'z tartibi inversiya (inversion) deb ham yuritiladi, darak gapda so'z tartibi to'g'ri bo'lib ega birinchi, kesim ikkinchi, to'ldiruvchi uchinchi, hol esa to'rtinchi o'rinda keladi.
S+P+0+ Ad Mod
Masalan: She was reading a book then.
Jane took it yesterday.
Ba'zan egadan oldin hol yoki undan keyin ham kelishi uchraydi.
Masalan: Yesterday my dad bought me a doll.
My dad yesterday bought me a doll.
My dad bought me a doll yesterday. (my own sent)²
Predlogsiz vositali to'ldiruvchi vositasiz to'ldiruvchidan oldin keladi.
Masalan: He bought me a book.
Nick wrote me a letter.
Predlogli vositali to'ldiruvchi vositasiz to'ldiruvchidan keyin keladi.
Masalan: He bought a book for me.
Undalma, kiritma so'z va kiritma konstruksiyalar gapning boshida. O'rtasida va oxirida kelib, yozuvda vergul bilan ajratiladi. O'g'zaki nutqda esa maxsus intonatsiya bilan ajratiladi. Shuningdek bu so'zlar gap bo'laklari hisoblanmaydi.
Masalan: You have, Fred a very pretty girl.
Ingliz tilda morfologik vositalar yetarli darajada rivojlanganligi uchun so'zlar orasidagi munosabat asosan so'z tartibi orqali ifodalanadi. Shuning uchun ham ingliz tilida, rus va o'zbek tillarida bo'lgani kabi so'zlar o'mini almashtirish mumkin emas.
Masalan: Edward looked at Rose, and Rose looked at Edward.
Gapdagi Edward va Rose soz'larning o'rnini o'zgartirish bilan ma'no o'zgaryapti. So'z birikmasi bilan gap o'rtasida farq kattadir. So'z birikmasi nominatsiya (atash) funksiyasini bajarish jihatdan so'zga yaqin turadi, va gap singari intonatsion tugalikka ega bo'lmaganligi uchun kommunikativ birlikni tashkil qilmaydi.
Gapning bosh bo'laklari (The Principle Parts of the Sentences)
Ega va kesim gapning bosh bo'laklardir. Ega va kesim minimal gap strukturasining asosi, gapning hokim bo'lagidir.
Ega va kesim bir-biri bilan grammatik jihatdan bog'liq. Agar gapning egasi bo'lsa, uning kesimi ham bo'lishi kerak.³ Ega gapning shunday bo'lagi-ki u ifodalagan shaxs yoki narsaga kesim ifodalangan harakat, belgi yoki holat tegishli bo'ladi. Ega mutlaqo mustaqil bo'lak bo'lib, kesim ham egaga tobe va ko'p hollarda ega bilan shaxs sonda moslashadi. Ega, asosan, quyidagi so'z turkumlari bilan ifodalanadi:
l)bosh bo'lakdagi ot bilan:
Masalan: Bernard Higginbotham invited him to dinner.
The man was unusual, not essentric, but unusual. Society opened its portals to me.
2) Olmoshlar bilan:
a) kishilik olmoshlari bilan:
Masalan: He arrived at the club at three o'clock.
We stood looking out at them through the window.
I had a case this morning Chris! You 'll note that I say had.
Ega kishilik olmoshlar he, they, you bilan ifodalanganda, ba'zan III shaxs yoki II shaxsni (birlik va ko'plik anglatmasdan balki umumiy bo'lishi mumkin).
Masalan: He laughs best who laughs last.
As you make your bed, so must you lie on it.
They say he died.
3)ko'rsatish olmoshi bilan:
Masalan: This was highly diverting.
That is my opinion of you and that was all.
4) so'roq olmoshlari bilan:
Masalan: Who told you?
What was happened?
5) shaxs va predmetni ifodalovchi some, any, somebody, one, each, every, all, either,both, other, another, something, anything kabi gumon olmoshlari bilan:
Masalan: Somebody laughed, and it gave me courage.
The others gave a cry of horror;
They sprang all will be well wish me.
And all well be with you too.
Some day I will help you.
One, with a long pale face, was sitting in a chair, the other was standing in front of the window.
The little ones toddled after their mother. Everytning was still.
Another was a yellow wolf of remarkable swiftness.
Eslatma: One olmoshi bilan ifodalangan ega bir shaxsga emas, barcha shaxslarga qaratilgan bo'lishi mumkin.⁴
Masalan: One would not throw away she past like a drown tooth.
6) Nobody, none notning no one kabi bo'lishsizlik olmoshlari bilan:
Masalan: Nobody was absent.
No one was at home.
Norbody can ride him for a long time.
Nothing had been taken from the dead man's pockets.
No one was happy... No one know who belonged to the Avenging Angels
7) egalik olmoshlarining absolyut formasi (Absolute Forms of Possisive pronouns) bilan:
Masalan: His was a lucky lot.
Ours are low islands you know.
But my point of view proves to be correct, theirs is wrong.
8. Son (numerals) bilan:
Masalan: Eighty-five is a lucky number.
Thirty is a good age to begin all a new yet.
A length the two resumed their seats…, at the party grew louder in their mirth.
9) Infinitive, infinitivle so'z birikma yoki oborot bilan:
Masalan: To come out of Wales into England was like the change from China to earthenware.
To withhold the truth is sometimes wise .
But "never conceal the truth with lies.
A wonderful thing a memorable thing to want a doctor!
To get him would be a remarkable thing.
For him to come was impossible.
10) Otlashgan sifatdosh yoki-sifatdosh so'z birikmasi bilan:
Masalan: Seated next to him was a young man, Doctor Wallance.
11) . Gerundiy, gerundiy so'z birikmasi yoki oboroti bilan:
Masalan: Freesing is a heat evolving process. Sitting here is dangerous. Annett's being French might upset him a little.
7. Ayrim hollarda otlashgan ravish bilan:
Masalan: The Worst had happened.
Mary didn't know what had happened.
Tomorrow is going to be a good day.⁵
8. Ergash gap ham ega vazifasiga kelishi mumkin:
Masalan: What I want is sea air.
What you say is wrong.
9. Kontekstning talabiga ko'ra ega ba'zan boshqa so'z turkumidagi so'zlar, turli so'z birikmalari, bilan ham ifodalana oladi:
Bunday so'zlarni, so'z birikmalarni qit’atalashtirilgan (quatation) so'zlar, so'z birikmalari deyiladi.
Masalan: There is the definite article And is a coordinating conjunction.
On is a preposition.
Eganing "It" so'zi bilan ifodalanishi. It so'zi ega bo'lib kelganda u ham predmet, ham jonli narsalarni ifodalanishi yoki hech narsani ifodalamasligi mumkin. It so'zi predmet yoki jonli narsani ifodalaganda shaxsli ega (shaxsni ko'rsatuvchi ega va notional subject) hech narsani ifodalamaganda formal ega (a formal subjet) hisoblanadi. It so'zini tahlil eta oladigan bo'lsak , u shaxli ega. It III shaxs birlikdagi predmet yoki shaxsni bildirib, o'zbek tilidagi u olmoshiga to'g'ri keladi.
Masalan: But the master of the house was not George Meadows. It was his mother⁶.
It predmet va shaxsni bildirib, o'zbek tiliga ko'rsatish olmoshi vositasida tarjima qilinadi.
Masalan: Who is knocking ? "It is me".
It formal ega bo'lib kelganda shaxs, predmetni ifodalamaydi. Formal ega quyidagi turlarga bo'liadi:
l.Shaxsiz ega (Impersonal subjet). It so'zi qo’yidagi holatlarda shaxs anglatmaydigan ega tarzida qo’llanadi.
a) ob-havo, tabiat hodisalari ifodalaganda:
Masalan: It is snowing even now.
It is drizzling now.
I fraze hard. It will be dark soon. It was still hot. .It's nippy in the mornings now.
b) Vaqt ifodalanganda;
Masalan: It was about 9 o'clock but felt like late afternoon.
It was late in summer.
It was one o'clock when we left.
v) tashqi muhit, holat anglatilganda:
Masalan: It was very quiet in the library.
It really is nice here.
It's lonely at the seaside in summer.
g) masofa ifodalanganda:
Masalan: It is not far from here.
Kiritma ega. (Introductrory anticipatory subjet)
Predmet ma'nosiga ega bo'lmagan so'z yoki so'zlar birikmasi ega vazifasida kelganda, gap leksik ma'noga ega bo'lmagan it so'zi bilan boshlanish mumkin.
Masalan: It is impossible to go.
Bu gapda it formal ega, to go esa haqiyqiy ega (real subject) hisoblanadi.
Bu turdagi gaplarda haqiyqiy ega, kesimdan keyin kelib, ko'pincha infinitiv, gerundiy bilan yoki infinitiv va gerundiyli so'z birikmalari bilan ifodalanadi.
Masalan: It is necessary for him to come tonight.
It is no use to cry over spillt milk.
It is said that humans are never satisfied, that what you give them one thing and they want sometning more.
3. Emfatik ega. (Emphatic subject)
Emfatik ega bo'lib kelgan it so'zi predikativ rolida kelgan so’zning kommunikativ ahamiyatini ko'chaytirish uchun xizmat qiladi.
Qiyoslang (compare. )
Masalan: He came to Tashkent only yesterday.
It was only yesterday, that he came to Tashkent.
Ikkinchi gapdagi it emfatik egadir. U predikativ vazifasidagi yesterday so’zini kommunikativ ahamiyatini kuchaytiryapti.
Masalan: It was not the father, however who first discovered.
It was a Mormon law that a man might have the several wives.
There+to be bilan boshlanadigan gaplar.
Ma'lum payt, o'rinda biror predmet yoki shaxsning mavjudligi yoki mavjud emasligini ifodalash uchun there+to be konsruksiyasini ishlatiladi.
Masalan: There were no white dunes covered with reddish grass behind them: there was nothing to mark.
There was a big bottle on the table in front of him.
Bu gaplarda there so’zi formal ega hisoblanadi, haqiqiy ega esa to be fe'li ba'zan boshqa fe'l bilan ifodalangan kesimdan keyin keladi. Haqiqiy ega doimo urg'uli bo'lib asosan ot bilan ifodalangan bo'ladi. Ba'zan esa bo'lishsizlik olmoshi, birikmalar bilan ham ifodalangan bo'lishi mumkin.
Kesim haqiqiy ega bilan shaxs-sonda doimo moslashadi.
Masalan: There were signs of an early winter and with them irritating delays.
Masalan: There was no keep for it.
There were not more than a dozen attendants on the lectures all together.
O'rin holi gapning boshida ham kelishi mumkin.
Masalan: For many miles there was no fit camping-place.
Gapning kesimi-to be dan boshqa fe'llar bilan ham ifodalana oladi.
Masalan: In the central part of the great Noth American Continent there lies a desert.⁷
Kesim (The Predicate)
Olmosh , birikmalar bilan ham ifodalangan bo'lishi mumkin. Kesim haqiqiy ega bilan shaxs-sonda doimo moslashadi.
Masalan:There were signs of an early winter and wish them irritating delays.
Masalan:There was no keep for it.
There were not more than a dozen attendants on the lectures all together.
O'rin holi gapning boshida ham kelishi mumkin.
Masalan: For many miles there was no fit camping-place
Sostavli ot-kesim (The Compound nominal predicate)
Sostavli ot-kesim bog'lovchi fel (ko'pincha to be fe'li) va ot predikativ (a predicative) dan tashkil topadi.
Masalan: The street was empty.
King was young and strong.
You are happy today, Mrs Swarts.
O'zbek tilidagi gapda -dir, bo'lmoq bog'lovchi fe'llari ko'pincha ishlatilmaydi. Ingliz tilida esa bog'lovchi fe'lning kesim sostavida ishlatilishi shart. To be fe'lidan tashqari to look, to feel, to turn, to remain, to grow, to come, to go, to seem, to feel, to stand, to keep kabi fe'llar ham bog'lovchi fe'l vazifasida keladi.⁸
Masalan:You seem a little nervous.
You look very young.
She sincerely wished him could get throuh the summer. He looked so hopeless.
Sostavli ot- kesimda asosiy ma'no uning ot qismidan anglashiladi. Kesimning ot qismi qo’yidagilar bilan ifodalanishi mumkin:
l)bosh kelishikdagi ot bilan:
Masalan: He was a stranger. He was a singular dwelling
a)Ba'zan qaratqich kelishigidagi ot bilan
Masalan: "The book is my friend’s”
2) Sifat bilan:
Masalan: He was clever.
The eyebrows were still dark.
Beauty is alive and everlasting. In size it was small.
3) son bilan:
Masalan: I was seventeen , so was she. He was about forty.
4) Kishilik, egalik (possessive), inkor so'roq bo'lishsizlik, o'zlik olmoshlari bilan.
Masalan:The names of the leading lady and many members were given, Carrie was nothing.
It's me. It's mine. Who is he?
5) Infmitiv, gerundiy va sifatdosh (ko'pincha o'tgan zamon sifatdoshi) bilan (P II)
Masalan: Fleur’s attitude was to go everything.
Our responsibility is to suppress.
6) Ergashgan gap bilan:
Masalan: The only thing left to discuss was what we should take with us.
Sostavli fe'1-kesim (The Compound Verbal Predicate)
Sostavli fe'1-kesim 2 (ikki) va undan ortiq fe'llardan yasalib, tarkibida modal so'z bo'lgan sostavli fe'l-kesim tarkibida modal so'z bo'lmagan sostavli fe'l kesimga bo’linadi.
Tarkibida modal so'z bo'lgan sostavli fe'l kesimlarda 1 (birinchi o'rinda modal fe'l so'ng infinitiv keladi.)
Bunda asosan may (-might), must can (could , to have to, will, ought to, should , would , dare , need modal fe'llari va to be, able to, to be obliged to, to be going to kabi modal mano bildiruvchi iboralar ishlatiladi.
Modal fe'llar harakatini bildirmasdan, faqat qo'shimcha ma'noni turli modal munosabatlarni (mumkinlik, taxminiylik, majburiylik, zaruriylik va h.k.) ifodalaydi.⁹
Masalan: I must catch the boat train.
Your address must only be known to me.
She imagined she must have proved to be satisfactory.
He can't forgive himself for his careless acceptance
She can be trusted.
You may come.
I would willingly have gone out with you!
Tarkibida modal so'z bo'lmagan sostavli fe'1-kesimning 1 (birinchi) elementi
a)to like, to wish, to want, to desire, to hope, to except, to intend, to attempt to try kabi estak, xoxish ,ishonch kabi modal ma'nolarini ifodalovchi fe'lardan
b) to continue, to come, to begin, to start, to feel, to go, to go, on, to keep on, to proceed to stop, to finish, to seem, to appear, to happen kabi fe'lardan tuzilib 2 (ikkinchi) elementdan anglashiladigan ish-harakatining boshlanishini, davomiyligini takrorlanishini tugallanganligini taxminan, kutilganlikni anglatib keladi.¹⁰
Sostavli fe'1-kesimning 2 (ikkinchi) komponenti asosan infinitiv yoki gerundiy bilan ifodalangan bo'ladi.
Bu turdagi kesimni ko'pchilik qo’llanmalarda sostavli aspektiv fe'1-kesim (compound verbal aspectik predicate) deb ham yuritiladi.
Masalan: He had not intended to do.
No animal likes to be cooped up to long.
I tried to keep on at both, but often fell asleep with the pen in my hand.

I hated to give up the hope of a University education.

She wished to have nothing more to do with him than to receice rent.
I wished to emphasize the brutalities and horrors. I wanted to shock people.
Bu turdagi zamon, daraja, shaxs , son bilan tuslanadi:
Masalan:You are going to city yourself.
He lit his pipe, and began to think over the daily problem.
At that my heart gave a bound, and began running along the road.
I still kept on writing fresh stuff.
I kept on dreaming with the hero.
Barras continued to measure David wish a coldly inquiring eye.
The information seemed to mean nothing to his father.
He begins searching vainly from drawer to drawed in the writing table.
Sostavli ot va fe'l kesimlar ba'zan aralash ishlatilishi mumkin:
Masalan: He continued to be glad.
The gray house had ceased to be a house for family life.
Kesimning ega bilan moslashuvi (Agrrement of the predicate )
Kesim ega bilan shaxs va sonda moslashadi, yangi ega qaysi shaxs, sonda kelsa, kesim ham shunga mos formada keladi.
Masalan: She was white , and he was coloured.
It was hard though to remember it all the time.
They were still alone. Have you washed your hands?
Has your indigestion bothered you today?
Ingliz tilida shaxs son qo'shimchalari ham bo'lgani uchun kesimning ega bilan moslashuvi faqat hozirgi zamonda bo'ladi. To be fe'li bundan istisnodir. To be fe'li bilan ifodalangan kesim hozirgi zamonda ham o'tgan zamonda ham ega bilan moslashadi.
Hozirgi zamonda
Singular Plural
I I am a student. I We are students.
II You are a student. II You are students.
II He is a student. III They are students.
O'tgan zamonda
Singular Plural
1I was a student. I We were students.
II You were a student. II You were students.
III He was a student. III They were student.
Ega bilan kesim moslashuvining quyidagi ko'rinishlari mavjud. Birlik sonidagi ega uyushib kelsa, kesim ko'plik formada qo’llanadi.
Masalan:He and his brother are fond of sports.
The summer was ending. The dust and the last wind were tired before they got anywhere.
Agar uyushib kelgan ega bir shaxsni, narsani yoki bir birlikni hosil qiluvchi ikkinchi shaxsni, narsani ifodalasa kesim birlikda ishlatiladi.
a) The writer and editor- in -chief has come to our institute.
b) The writer and the editor -in –chief have come to our institute.
Birinchi gapda uyushgan ega bir shaxsni ifodalaydi, bir shaxsning o'zi ham yozuvchi, ham redaktor.
Bunda kesim ega bilan uchinchi shaxs birlikda moslashadi.
Ikkinchi gapda uyushgan ega ikkita shaxsni ifodalayapti, shuning uchun kesim ega bilan uchinchi shaxs ko'plikda moslashadi.
There +to be oboroti bilan tuzilgan gapda ega bilan sonda moslashadi.
Masalan:There was a book and notebooks on the table.
Uyushib kelgan ega either... or, neither… nor, not… only, but, also kabi bo'g'lovchilar bilan bog'lanib, turli shaxslarda bo'lsa, kesim eganing eng keyingisi (o'ziga yaqin) bilan shaxslarda moslashadi.
Masalan: Neither he nor his friends have read the book.
Kesim quyidagi hollarda birlikda qo’llanadi.
a)agar uyushib kelgan ega infinitiv bilan ifodalangan bo'lsa.
Masalan: Now , to go, through, stormy night, wish, wet clothes, and in addition , to be all nourished and to have tasted meat, for week or month, is about, as severe, handship.¹¹
2) Where va to be bog'lanmasi o'z ichiga olgan so'roq gaplarda uyushgan eganing birinchisi birlikda bo'lsa.
Masalan: Where is his sister and brother?

3. 
   There+ to be oboroti bilan tuzilgan gaplarda birinchi ega birlikdagi bo'lsa:
   

4.Birlikdagi ega as well as, wish, together with bog'lovchilari bilan bog'lanib kelgan bo'lsa:
e.g The teacher as well as the student was present at the meeting.
5) ega somebody, someone, sometning , everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, nobody, no one, nothing , neither either it kabi olmoshlar bilan ifodalansa.
Masalan: Somebody is knocking at the door. Everybody is here.
It is the children who did it.

6. 
   Ko'plikda ot jurnal gazeta yoki kitobning nomini bildirsa e.g "The Slaves" by Aini is very interesting novel.
   
7. 
   Ega vaqt, masofa, o'lchov, miqdor anglatuvchi ko'plikda kelgan ot bilan ifodalangan bo'lsa:
   

Masalan: Eighteen dollars is just about as much as the damned thing's worth.
Ayrim olmoshlar masalan : all none, who what kabilar ega bo'lib kelsa , kesim ega bilan ham birlikda, ham ko'plikda moslashadi, ya'ni ega orqali ko'plik nazoratda tutilsa, kesim ham ko'plikda keladi.
Masalan:Who is coming? Who are coming.
All is ready. All are ready.
Ega people, police, cattle, poultry, jury, cavalry kabi jamlovchi otlar bilan ifodalangan bo'lsa kesim odatda ko'plikda ishlatiladi.
Masalan: These people are younger than you . Police were elsewhere.
Ega committee, company, familiy, crew , army, goverment, team kabi jamlovchi otlar yordami bilan ifodalanganida , kesim ham birlik , ham ko'plikda kelishi mumkin, ya'ni agar ot orqali nazarda tutilsa , kesim birlikda ko'plik nazarda tutilsa, kesim, ko'plikda qo’llanadi¹². Ega birdan ortiq otlashgan son bilan ifodalangan bo'lsa, kesim ega bilan moslashib, ko'plikda keladi.
Masalan: The two were established at a well-appointed table.
Ega qo'shuv oluv, bo'luvni bildiruvchi sonlar birikmasi bilan ifodalangan bo'lsa kesim ega bilan birlikda moslashadi.
Masalan: Fifteen divided by three equals five. Ten minus two is eight.
Ega ko'paytiruv anglatuvchi sonlar birikmasi bilan ifodalangan bo'lsa, kesim ega bilan ham ko'plik , ham birgalikda moslashib keladi.
Masalan:Three times three is (yoki are) nine.
Five times five is (are) twenty five.
Eganing birinchi elementi a lot of, plenty of, a number of, a mass of, the majority of, a variety of kabi so'z birikmalari bilan ifodalansa, kesim so'z birikmasining ikkinchi elementiga bog'liq holda yo birlikda, yo ko'plikda bo'ladi.
e.g Great majority of them, male and female were old.
There was plenty of applause.
"There is a lot of truth in it" said Jonson cautiously.
Gapning ikkinchi darajali bo'laklari (The secondary Parts of the Sentence) To’ldiruvchi (The Object)
Gapning kesimida ifodalangan ish-harakat, yo’nalgan belgi yoki shu ish- harakatga bog'langan predmet ob'yektini ko'rsatadigan, ikkinchi bo'lak to’ldiruvchi deyiladi. To'ldiruvchi kesimni to'ldirib keladi.
Masalan: I had read and absorbed Washington lrving's “Alhambra”.
The dostor put on his hat. I have seen big ones.

2.