International Economics
The East African Community (EAC), established in 1967 by Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. 7
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Dominick-Salvatore-International-Economics
6. The East African Community (EAC), established in 1967 by Kenya, Tanzania, and
Uganda. 7. The West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), which includes Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo. 8. The 14-member Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), extending from Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Salvatore c10.tex V2 - 10/16/2012 10:45 A.M. Page 317 10.6 History of Attempts at Economic Integration 317 9. The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), which includes Brunei Darus- salam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam, though primarily a political association, in 1977 decided that it would also move toward a common market. These customs unions are (or were) to a large extent explicitly trade diverting to encour- age industrial development. Perhaps the greatest stumbling block to successful economic integration among groups of developing nations is the uneven distribution of benefits among members. Since benefits are likely to accrue mainly to the most advanced nations in the group, lagging nations are likely to withdraw, causing the attempt at economic integration to fail. One way to avoid this difficulty is to provide investment assistance through indus- trial planning (i.e., assign some industries to each member nation). Although this tactic was tried in the Central American Common Market, the effort failed nevertheless and the union dissolved in 1969 (although, as noted earlier, it was revived in 1990). Another difficulty is that many developing nations are not willing to relinquish part of their newly acquired sovereignty to a supranational community body, as is required for successful economic integration. Other difficulties arise from lack of good transportation and communication among member nations, the great distance that often separates members, and the basically complementary nature of their economies and competition for the same world markets for their agricultural exports. For these reasons, economic integration among developing countries cannot be said to have been very successful in most cases. One success story is Mercosur (see Case Study 10-4). (continued) ■ CASE STUDY 10-4 Economic Profile of Mercosur Table 10.4 provides an economic profile of Mer- cosur or Southern Common Market, which was formed in 1991 by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Bolivia and Chile became associate members in 1996, Peru in 2003, and Colombia, ■ TABLE 10.4. Mercosur Population GNI GNI Exports Imports Country (millions) (billions) (per Capita) (billions) (billions) Argentina 40 .4 $343 .6 $8, 450 $68 .2 $56 .5 Brazil 194 .9 1, 830 .4 9, 390 201 .9 191 .5 Paraguay 6 .5 19 .0 2, 940 4 .5 10 .0 Uruguay 3 .4 35 .6 10, 590 6 .7 8 .6 Mercosur 245 .2 2, 222 .8 9, 081 281 .3 266 .6 U.S. 309 .1 14, 600 .8 47, 140 1, 278 Download 7.1 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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