Introduction chapter one. Teaching grammar to young learners

Encourage cooperative learning. 
We just said that games make students competitive, so how can they also help with cooperation? They facilitate bonding between students and between the students and teacher. Students need to assist their classmates and cheer them on when competing in teams or pairs. Everyone will pitch into the group effort in order to succeed!
Get students’ pent-up energy out.
ESL learners often lose focus during traditional grammar lessons because there’s a lot of new and sometimes complex information to absorb. Introducing a well-timed game to teach grammar could break up a monotonous lesson and get rambunctious learners to participate.
They may appear more reluctant at first, but that’s because they’re not used to this way of learning. Once they see you, the ESL teacher, having a great time and being a little bit silly, they won’t be so reserved.
Here are the reasons why different groups of ESL students can expect to see unique benefits from mixing games and grammar:
Adults need more engaging ways to learn. 
Generally speaking, adult language learners have a more difficult time learning another language. Language and grammar games will help them learn the relevant points in context.
All students need to keep things fresh.
Learning grammar or any part of language is tiring. The constant learning of grammar rules and exceptions in English requires constant effort from learners. Grammar games, if used wisely, can really break up the monotony of what’s considered to be one of the worst and more difficult aspects of learning any language. In short, using grammar games in the ESL classroom can allow for meaningful use of the target language in the right context.¹²
Younger learners need a purpose to study.
Many young ESL students just fail to see the importance or need to learn and study grammar. To them, grammar is just something their teachers make them study. They’re too young to really grasp the true concept of the importance of grammar, which is why game playing and grammar go hand-in-hand sometimes—these young learners will have no idea that they’re actually learning something very valuable that will assist them with their English knowledge in the future.
Games target young students’ learning potential.
Grammar games will naturally pique a child’s curiosity. They’ll want to explore and experiment with different skills. When young children can move around, they’ll be able to better stimulate their mental capacity. Once this has been stimulated, they’ll not only learn, but they’ll also retain the new information as well.
The best way to pique students’ interests in grammar lessons is to engage them in fun grammar games and activities that allow them to connect emotions with new knowledge or concept. This connection with emotions creates memories which do not easily go away and are easy to retrieve when needed.
Here are a few grammar games and activities that we can use to excite the students before, or during, grammar lessons. Some of them offer cool introductions of new concepts while others offer a teacher some methods to make practice more memorable.
1. The Verb Family Tree
Focus: Verb
This tree will teach the students different forms of verbs as children of the root verb.
You can do this activity on the whiteboard or you can opt for a worksheet version. Either way, you first have to start on the board so the students get the idea.
Draw a family tree with four branches
The root or trunk is the root word or the main verb
Name every branch a particular form. For example, the branch of the eldest brother could be the third-person singular form of the verb. Another branch is plural or past form, and so on.
Demonstrate with one word and call excited students to name siblings of verbs of your choice.
You may also let them play this game in pairs.
2. Magnet of Praise
Focus: Adjective, Adverb
This is one of the many grammar games and activities on this list that allows students to revise adjectives. You can also adapt this game to let them remember adverbs.
It is easy to conduct, and you can choose to give out worksheets or do play it on the board.
Draw a magnet which is attracting nails.
Tell the students that the magnet is a noun (or verb) and wants nails that define its qualities.
Write any noun (verb) on the magnet and call the students to qualify or modify it.
Be ready to get surprised with the adjectives students create on the spot.
3. Time Box
Focus: Verb Tenses
This activity will help your students identify the time to which a sentence belongs after studying the verbs and auxiliary verbs.
Divide the students into teams.
Take six (or more depending on the number of teams you make) boxes and label them past present and future.
Then write different sentences (thirty to fifty will do for a detailed game) on pieces of cardboard and make two piles.
Teams will brainstorm and assign each sentence to the relevant box.
In addition to encouraging the students to practice grammar, this activity will also help them with communication skills as they will discuss before putting the sentences in right boxes.
4. Sentence Grid
Focus: Parts of Speech
This activity focuses on the basics of language. It allows the students to distinguish between nouns, verbs, adjectives, and other parts of speech.
It is another minimalistic activity that only requires the board and marker. You have to start by drawing eight boxes on the board. Label them accordingly. (You can enhance the layout by using different colors for different parts of speech.)
Next, write random words from all parts of speech at a side column of the board. Or you can choose to dictate the words.
Give an example by assigning some words of students’ choice to the relevant grid.
Ask each one of the students to write dictated word in the appropriate grid box depending on the part of speech it represents.
5. Sentence Bus
Focus: Parts of Speech
So, every sentence follows a certain order. Simple sentences usually start with a subject, followed by an auxiliary verb, verb, and object. In between these components, we inject other parts such as adverbs, adjectives, prepositions, and interjections.
After explaining sentence structure and parts of speech, you can do the following steps to engage the students in Sentence Bus:
Draw a bus on the board. Draw the number of seats according to the level of complexity of sentences you are teaching your students.
Label these seats as Subject, Verb, Adjective, and other parts of the sentence.
Write a random, jumbled up sentence and words at the bottom of the board and ask the students to get these passengers seated on their designated seats.
After that, let them read their conjured up sentence using the sentence structure. 
Be ready to hear some funny combinations especially if you are using adjectives in these sentences.
6. Adjective/ Adverb Race
Focus: Duh…
This is similar to a typical vocabulary race in which two different teams of students compete against each other in finding more qualifiers. 
But, it has a twist!
You can make it a solo activity, where a single student from each team comes to the board and list all adjectives (or adverbs) that come to their mind. Or it can be a group activity where the student on the board receives examples from his/her teammates (insert total chaos!).
But where is the twist?
It lies in the restriction that the students will only define the word you have assigned.
Start with making two teams of students.
Call both to the board and assign different noun (verb) to them.
Ask them to qualify these words only according to the qualities they attract.
Every qualifier will attract a definite mark and the team with most qualifiers will win.
CONCLUSION
We’ve focused so much on the intricate details of grammar and language in this section, that now it’s time to step back and look at the big picture once again. It’s easy to get lost in the weeds of exactly what each rule means and how it works. It helps to remember that language is a practice of patterns. Some patterns you know and use well; others you may not know and need to practice further with.
Grammar is made up of lots of little rules that work together to create a language. Since there are so many rules, you can’t expect to remember everything, especially not at once. No one can, not even professional writers and editors, who typically have at least three reference books and style manuals at their fingertips. Feel free to come back and reference the material taught in this course as often as you need.
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