Introduction General characteristics of technology parks
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IT park
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- Introduction
- 1. General characteristics of technology parks
- The main tasks of creating technology parks are
- The number of STPs launched in each decade
- 1.2 Classification of technology parks
- Japanese model
- 2. Features of the functioning of technology parks in Uzbekistan
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Contents 1. General characteristics of technology parks 1.1 The concept of technology park 1.2 Classification of technology parks 2. Features of the functioning of technology parks in Uzbekistan 2.1 The first technology park in Uzbekistan 2.2 The main difference from foreign technology parks 3. Prospects for the development of technology parks in Uzbekistan 3.1 The role of the state in the development of technology parks 3.2 Ways of development of technology parks Conclusion
Today, Uzbekistan has no more important goal than improving the economy, launching production, creating conditions for an effective innovation process. Here we directly turn to the scientific field. Ideas arising in the field of science must very quickly reach the sphere of production and turn into a commodity. World experience shows that countries that want to become a leader in the chosen field of engineering and technology begin to produce knowledge in this field at home. The fact is that it is necessary to have a minimally short innovation cycle (the time from the birth of an idea, knowledge to the embodiment of an idea in a product), and the innovation cycle can be accelerated only through the joint work of scientists and technologists. In Uzbekistan, there is now a break in the natural chain: fundamental science - applied science - industry. Thus, in restoring interaction in the science – production chain, in launching an accelerated innovation mechanism, the essence of the necessary science reforms is. At present, the innovations I am creating do not go into production, and the preservation of this situation can be fatal for reforms in science. This happens because large-scale domestic industry, as the main consumer of innovation, does not have the resources to re-equip technology and develop new products. Imperfect regulatory frameworks and tax laws do not stimulate innovation, and the lack of demand for innovation makes research unnecessary. 
To change the situation, it is necessary to quickly develop small business in science and technology. Foreign experience shows that this manufacturer is very dynamic, requires little investment, and many of the largest corporations in the world at the initial stage of development belonged to small firms. Small business, as a rule, is taken to implement new risky ideas, in addition, it is massive, i.e. he needs a lot of different ideas. Finally, in a small business very often it is the knowledge producer who becomes a participant in the innovative transformation of his idea into a product, and as a result the shortest innovation cycle is achieved. Thus, in the current conditions, it is necessary to rely on the accelerated development of small business, as on the local market, which not only drags industrial production along with it, but also quickly forms the demand for knowledge produced in Uzbekistan in the field of science. In this connection, the experience of technoparks as one of the most successful forms of integration of science and production is very interesting . In this work, we will consider the world experience of the functioning of technology parks and compare them with the peculiarities of the formation of these umbrella structures in Uzbekistan.
The main tasks of creating technology parks are : a) the transformation of knowledge and inventions into technologies and; b) the conversion of technology into a commercial product; c) technology transfer to industry through the sector of small high-tech enterprises; d) the formation and market formation of science-intensive firms; e) support of enterprises in the field of high technology business . Technoparks make it possible to create the economic environment that ensures the sustainable development of scientific, technological and industrial entrepreneurship, the creation of new small and medium enterprises, the development of production and the delivery of competitive high technology products to the domestic and foreign markets. The region, contributing to the creation and development of technology parks, gets the opportunity to form and accelerate the development of scientific, industrial and social infrastructure, attract highly qualified specialists to the region , support and develop the economic sector and, in connection with this, create new jobs. Industrial enterprises are given the opportunity to fully utilize the potential of the region’s scientific and technical complex to increase the competitiveness of their products, accelerate the introduction of new technologies, and target selection of graduates who have completed a good school of work in small innovative enterprises and risk companies. Universities and technological research institutes are given the opportunity to provide their research teams and individual scientists with the conditions to complete research and create competitive scientific and technological products on their basis. At the same time, a team is formed with the participation of the author of the idea, developers, graduate students and students who continue to work in this direction and in the workplace. Such teams in practice master the skills of active entrepreneurial activity, which is carried out in conditions of fierce competition in the field of production of high technology products. Parks increase the prestige of the university, research institutes, their role in the development of the region. The intellectual capital and physical infrastructure of the university serves as a certain magnet that attracts and supports the interests of industry and entrepreneurship , striving to gain access to resources available only at the university (libraries, information opportunities, research laboratories, special equipment, scientific backlogs, highly qualified teaching and research staff) . The first technopark appeared in the USA in 1949 at the base of Stanford University (California). The idea was simple: lease a piece of university land to existing companies to host their research units, which were combined with a set of conditions for the development of research and development in advanced technology from university laboratories and research groups. The ten-year experience of this technology park, as well as the university technology parks that followed it , was so successful that, starting from the seventies, the number of technology parks began to grow rapidly. The number of STPs launched in each decade 
Technopark serves for the development of high technology, high technology firms. This is a kind of factory for the production of medium and small risk innovative enterprises. One of the most important functions of the technopark is the continuous formation of a new business and its support. The founders of “science parks” are primarily universities, technical and other universities, scientific and design institutions. Their contribution to the creation of a “science park” is scientific ideas, fundamental knowledge, inventions, scientific advice, putting at the disposal of the park the adjacent territory, premises, equipment, libraries, etc. Interested in creating a technology park and industrial enterprises that use it to solve technological problems, maintain competitiveness. The contribution of enterprises is financial and material support. This reason lies in the fact that in order to ensure the most favorable conditions for development, universities create multichannel systems for financing their activities. The first main component of this system is the state (federal) financing of educational and scientific activities. The second component is the replenishment of the university’s budget by conducting research - the SRI component. The main objective of the SRI is the organization of scientific research in various fields of science and technology. This state of affairs was, is and will be. However, some areas of research are so powerful that they require a qualitatively new experimental or even production base. Thus, these areas outgrow the scope of the SRI and for their further development require the formation of a legal entity - either in the form of research institutes, or in the form of the UC, or in the form of a small enterprise. The unification of such legal entities creates a technology park. The third component is through conducting educational activities on a commercial basis (commercial admission, various educational services). The fourth component is due to the production activities of a technical university (techno park). Fifth - for international relations, financing for international programs, sponsorship and so on. The basis of the technology park is production activities. To solve specific tasks related to the implementation of this activity, separate legal entities are created - small enterprises. These small enterprises, being isolated from each other, find themselves in a rather difficult situation, because they have very limited financial, technical, personnel and other opportunities . For this reason, small enterprises tend to form associations, which are called the technology park or, in short, the technology park. So, a technopark is an association of small university firms with the goal of creating a common system of economic and legal services, technical services, as well as a common investment system and a common system for conducting innovative activities. In other words, the technopark is a friendly environment in which the high survival rate of small university firms of high-tech production is ensured , favorable conditions for their development.
Technoparks - forms of integrating science with industry - are classified as territorial scientific and industrial complexes. Two stages can be clearly seen in the development of technology parks : the 60s, when the majority of “science parks” arose in their “homeland” - in the United States - and their rudimentary forms appeared in Western European countries - Great Britain, France, and the Federal Republic of Germany. In the 80s, from the beginning of which the “second generation” of technology parks began to take shape in the USA and Western Europe, technology parks appeared in countries where they had not existed before (Japan and other countries of the Far East), the variety of “parks” was replenished with new ones. varieties. Technoparks can be conditionally reduced to three models - American (USA, Great Britain), Japanese (Japan) and mixed (France, Germany). American model In the US and the UK, there are currently three types of “science parks”: a) “science parks” in the narrow sense of the word; b) “research parks”, differing from the first ones in that within their framework innovations are developed only up to the stage of a technical prototype; c) “incubators” (in the USA) and innovation centers (in the United Kingdom and Western Europe), in which universities “give shelter” again to companies in the field, providing them with relatively moderate rents, land, premises, access to laboratory equipment and services . The largest of the "science parks" in the USA is Stanford. It is located on the university’s lands, leased for 51 years to “high-tech” companies interacting with the university: the latter teaches a lot of research engineers. The park was declared full in 1981 - 80 companies and 26 thousand employees. Among the companies are the three main institutions of the US geological service, electronics giants (IBM, Hewlett Packard), aerospace companies (Lockheed), and chemical and biotechnological companies. A typical example of a “research park” in which not university and laboratories of industrial companies themselves are located on the university’s lands, but non-profit research institutes closely connected with industry is the Center of the Illinois Institute of Technology (ITI), a private US research center with a budget of about 68 million dollars a year. The “ideal” type of research park is Scotland's oldest “science park” - Heriot-Watt: this is the only “science park" in Europe in which only scientific research is allowed and mass production is prohibited. Since the beginning of the 80s, a new for these countries kind of technoparks, oriented to the needs of small “High-tech” enterprises are innovation centers similar to American “incubators”. Their task is to combine ideas and inventions with capital and entrepreneurs, to attract public and private funds in order to provide a “start-up period” for new implementation companies. The functions of innovation centers cover various stages of the innovation process, in particular, stimulating the transition from experimental production to the commercial development of new products. For this , the creation of new companies is not always required. Often, innovation centers assist researchers and entrepreneurs in selling a license for a new product to existing manufacturers. A number of innovation centers are run by local authorities, while larger ones are part of the European network with a base in Brussels. It brings together about 40 innovation centers. By linking innovation centers in different countries, the European network facilitates cross-country technology trade for firms. Japanese model The Japanese model of “science parks”, in contrast to the American one, involves the construction of completely new cities - the so-called “technopolises”, focusing scientific research in advanced and pioneering industries and knowledge-intensive industrial production. The Tech Nopolis project, a project to create technopolises, was accepted for implementation in 1982. As the creation of “technopolises”, 19 zones evenly scattered across four islands were chosen. All “technopolises” must satisfy the following criteria: a) be located no further than 30 minutes from their “parent cities” (with a population of at least 200 thousand people) and within 1 day from Tokyo, Nagoya or Osaki b) cover an area less than or equal to 500 square miles; c) have a balanced set of modern scientific and industrial complexes, universities and research institutes in combination with convenient living areas, equipped with cultural and recreational infrastructure; d) be located in picturesque areas and in harmony with local traditions and natural conditions. 35 miles northeast of Tokyo is the “brain city” of Tsukuba. It has 11,500 people working in 50 state research institutes and 2 universities. In Tsukuba, 30 of the 98 leading state research laboratories in Japan are located, making this town one of the largest scientific centers in the world. Unlike “technopolises”, the main purpose of which is the commercialization of scientific research results, which implies specialization in applied research, Tsukuba is a city of basic research, and the role of the private sector in it is small. The construction of “technopolises” is financed at the regional level - through local taxes and corporate contributions. The "core" of a number of "technopolises " (Hiroshima, Ube, Kagoshima) is the construction of "scientific towns" such as Tsukuba. Some are content to expand the science and engineering departments of local universities. Most “technopolises” create centers of “border technology” - incubators of joint research and venture business. Mixed model An example of a mixed model of “science parks,” oriented both to Japanese and American, is the “science parks of France, in particular, the largest of them,“ Sophia Antipolis ”(located on the Riviera, on an area of over 2000 hectares; by the middle of 80- x years the land was sold to companies and research organizations; the maximum stipulated number of employees is about 6 thousand people).
IT-park plans to pay special attention to that part of the population that, for one reason or another, has not received higher education, but is ready to receive basic IT qualifications. It is enough to go through highly specialized courses for certain programs in order to retrain as an IT specialist and become successful. 
IT-park is a technology park working in the field of information technology. A place where active and talented people turn their ideas into real business projects due to the availability of modern technical infrastructure, financial and scientific support. In world practice, an industrial park is a modern form of integration of science and production, which was created to accelerate the development and application of the latest scientific, technical and information technology achievements. Given that the technopark will be near Inha University in Tashkent, it can be assumed that this particular area will become the national Silicon Valley in the future. Moreover, in Soviet times this place was called "Akademgorodok" because of the abundance of research institutes, including in the field of cybernetics: 
The population of Uzbekistan is slightly less than half the population of Central Asia. About 60% of the country's population is young people, which indicates a great potential in the field of personnel. The idea of creating a technology park came after President Shavkat Mirziyoyev visited India, where the head of state got acquainted with experience in the development of technology parks. Following the visit, two projects were initiated: the first was the opening of the Uzbek-Indian Amity University in Tashkent, the second was the creation of an IT park, where the main directions will be both outsourcing of IT services and the development of a startup ecosystem. 
The technopark was specially located not far from Inha University in Tashkent, as international experience shows that the development of such projects is possible only when educational institutions are nearby. IT-park plans to pay special attention to that part of the population that has not received higher education, but is ready to receive basic IT qualifications. It is enough to go through highly specialized courses for certain programs in order to retrain as an IT specialist and become successful in this field. As international experience has shown, in order to be a successful IT specialist, it is not necessary to have a higher education. To this end, together with the Ministry of Public Education, work is underway on the project "IT-nation", where from school age children will be shown the benefits of the IT sector. 
The main goal is to contribute to the accelerated development of the IT industry in the country. In particular: creating favorable conditions for the development of the development and production of competitive products and services in the field of IT, promoting them in the domestic and foreign markets, stimulating innovative developments; providing residents with the necessary infrastructure, including laboratories, providing them with financial, marketing, legal and other consulting services, as well as services under acceleration programs; providing support, including on the basis of venture financing, assisting start-ups and small enterprises in the field of IT in the commercialization of the results of innovative activities; assistance to residents in attracting domestic and foreign investors for joint implementation of projects, including through technology transfer; assistance in the mutual integration of the activities of scientific, research, educational and industrial organizations to ensure the continuity of the production chain; training of the population and youth in order to form a modern class of highly qualified specialists; conducting master classes, trainings and advanced training courses, as well as scientific and practical conferences and seminars with the participation of leading companies and specialists. 
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