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Introduction.
This methodical manual for conducting laboratory classes on the subject "General Chemical Technology" further strengthens the knowledge of students who listened to the lectures. In laboratory work, typical chemical technological processes are carried out on model devices, in which the influence of a number of factors on the chemical process, such as temperature, ignition time, volumetric velocity, component ratio, is studied. During the laboratory practice in the discipline of "General Chemical Technology" students gain sufficient knowledge to engage in technological research on model devices. Reactors with basic chemical processes - homogeneous, heterogeneous and other processes have been replaced by real reactors used in production, which are important in the national economy.
Students must be familiar with the "Safety Rules for Working in a Chemical Laboratory" before embarking on laboratory practice, and only then can they begin practical work.
Brief information is given about the process carried out in each laboratory, about the laboratory equipment and the procedure.
More information about the processes in the laboratory can be found in the recommended literature at the end of the work. Upon completion of the experiment, the student completes the calculations and submits a report.
This manual is intended for undergraduate students of all specialties taught in the subject "General Chemical Technology".

Organization of laboratory work: Study of procedures and safety rules. Getting acquainted with the equipment in the laboratory.

Anyone working in the chemical laboratories of the Department of "Chemical Technology" should be aware of the chemicals used, the properties of their products, ie the degree of toxicity, fire and explosion hazards, and in case of accident, poisoning, burns or electric shock. must know how to provide assistance.
Not knowing the properties of chemicals and what precautions to follow when using them can lead to accidents and serious consequences. Particular care should be taken when handling explosives, flammable and corrosive, toxic substances. Before starting any work, it is necessary to get acquainted with the procedure and take precautions.

General rules

It should always be borne in mind that carelessness, carelessness and insufficient knowledge of tools and chemicals during laboratory experiments can have serious consequences.

1. 
   When doing laboratory work on a given task, do not be distracted by other things and talk.
   
2. 
   When performing chemical reactions, perform in the same containers, volumes and concentrations as specified in the manual, if any changes are required, only under the direction of the supervisor and precautionary measures should be prepared in advance. .
   
3. 
   It is strictly forbidden to eat or drink at the place of work.
   
4. 
   It is not possible to test the taste of chemicals. Extremely careful to separate odors, gases or vapors can be checked by gently moving them with the palm of your hand without taking a deep breath.
   
5. 
   Any unknown substance should be treated as "toxic".
   
6. 
   Work with toxic gases and substances, as well as substances that emit toxic gases or vapors (cyanide compounds, chlorine, bromine, hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, organic solutions, volatile acids, etc.) in hermetically sealed, well-ventilated suction cupboards must be completed.
   
7. 
   Always wear a gown and buttons when working with cutting and burning substances.
   
8. 
   To prevent the chemical solutions from boiling at once, several glass capillaries or pieces of porcelain should be placed in the boiling vessels.
   
9. 
   It is not possible to bend over the vessels during the reaction, especially when heated. The outlet holes of the reactors should also be aligned in reverse.
   
10. 
    If the work is carried out with corrosive, toxic, flammable, explosive substances and they are carried out at high or low pressure, and eventually as a result of these reactions can cause injury, burns, eye damage. If possible, wear goggles or masks made of organic glass or metal mesh.
    
11. 
    No item may be left unlabeled or unlabeled. Labels or labels should be read carefully when using an item. If in doubt, check immediately.
    
12. 
    It is forbidden to throw the remains of flammable, explosive, toxic, pungent odors in the sink or trash. Instead, they should be collected in special containers, neutralized as much as possible and dumped in specially equipped wells. Only water and neutralized solutions can be added to the sink.
    
13. 
    It is impossible to conduct experiments alone in chemical laboratories. There should be at least two people in the room and one of them should be the boss.
    

Rules of working with carvings

1. 
   Solvents include: chloride, nitrate, sulfuric, fluoric acids, chromium (VI) oxide, solid alkalis - sodium oxide, potassium oxide, their concentrated solutions, ammonia solution, bromine and its solutions. When caustic substances come in contact with the skin, they burn as if touched by a heated object, which is extremely dangerous to the eye.
   
2. 
   It is not necessary to work with carving materials in the absence of a teacher. When placing alkalis and acids from large containers to small ones, use pumped or "pear" siphons. Volatile substances, ammonia, bromine solutions should be poured into the suction cupboard and, of course, wear goggles, gloves, apron and carefully prepare the "V" gas mask.
   
3. 
   When preparing a solution of sulfuric acid (acids in general), it should be added to water and stirred constantly. Otherwise, the solution may heat up and splash around. It is impossible to add water to acid.
   
4. 
   When preparing a solution from alkalis, add small pieces of them gradually to water and stir constantly.
   
5. 
   When fluoric acid gets on the skin, it forms a slow-healing wound and inflames the lungs. If fluoric acid gets on the skin, wash it thoroughly with a stream of cold water and compress it with a 5% soda solution.
   
6. 
   When washing dishes with chrome mixture, care should be taken to ensure that the drops do not fall on the skin, clothes, shoes.