Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
Parts-of-speech systems 25 nominals. (For further discussion of clitics, see section 2.5.) For example, object personal pronouns in French, both direct and indirect, normally precede the verb while non-pronominal objects normally follow it, as in (54). (54) a. Jean le leur donnera Jean it to. them will. give ‘Jean will give it to them’ b. Jean donnera le pain aux enfants Jean will give the bread to the children ‘Jean will give the bread to the children’ Similarly in Tagalog, personal-pronoun agents and topics normally follow the first constituent of the sentence, while other agents and topics normally follow the verb. For example: (55) Hindi ko siya nakita not I(ag) him(top) saw ‘I didn’t see him’ cf. Hindi nakita ni Pedro si Juan not saw ag Pedro top Juan ‘Pedro didn’t see Juan’ It is quite common for the equivalent of personal pronouns, particularly of subject and object pronouns, to be expressed by affixes on the verb. The follow- ing examples of pronominal affixes are from Swahili and Quechua respectively: (56) Ni-li-wa-ona I-past-you-see ‘I saw you’ (57) Maqa-ma-nki hit-me-you ‘You hit me’ Commonly such pronominal affixes may co-occur with non-affixal pronouns when a pronominal subject or object is being emphasized; compare (58) with (57): (58) Qam noqata maqamanki you me hit. me. you ‘You hit me’ There are languages in which, while personal pronouns do occur, they are often avoided in favour of certain nouns which are considered to be more polite. 26 Paul Schachter and Timothy Shopen In Malay, for example (see Winstedt (1914)), a speaker under certain circum- stances will use some self-deprecating noun (e.g. hamba ‘slave’) to refer to himself and some honorific noun (e.g. tuan ‘master’, dato ‘grandfather’, nenek ‘grandmother’) to refer to his addressee. (This situation led Robins (1964) to suggest that in Malay ‘the nearest equivalents of the English pronouns are mem- bers of an open class’ (p. 230). It seems, however, that while self-deprecating and honorific nouns are often used in place of pronouns, there are also unspe- cialized personal pronouns in Malay – aku ‘I’, kamu ‘you’, etc. – which may be used under appropriate circumstances.) Finally it should be mentioned that in some languages the equivalent of a Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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