Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
Avery D. Andrews
absolutive. The only difference between the cross-referencing of the recipient in a ditransitive and that of an ordinary absolutive direct object is that, in the former case, there is overt cross-referencing expressed by a morpheme -rla, rather than null cross-referencing. This would be straightforwardly explained if the datives were the direct objects (participating in agreement), and the absolutives were second objects (failing to agree), with the appearance of -rla being attributed to the case marking. The syntactic behaviour likewise speaks against indirect object status, rather than in favour of it. The evidence comes from the use of the nonfinite comple- mentizer kurra, already illustrated in (55) above, with three-argument verbs. In such cases, it seems to be more natural to interpret the subject of the kurra- marked verb as being the dative rather than the absolutive: (93) a. Karnta-gku ka-ju kurdu milki-yirra-rni woman-erg pres-1sg(obj) child(abs) show-put-nonpast nguna-nja-kurra(-ku) lie-inf-obj.comp(-dat) ‘The woman is showing the child to me while I am lying down’ b. ??Yu-ngu-rna-rla kurdu parrja-rla give-past-1sg(subj)-3(dat) child(abs) coolamon-loc nguna-nja-kurra yali-ki sleep-inf-obj.comp that-dat ‘I gave the child sleeping in the coolamon to that one’ Simpson (1991:341–2) Simpson (citing communications from Mary Laughren) reports that the (b) example, with the absolutive controlling the kurra-verb, is questionable, and that speakers prefer an interpretation where it is the recipient that’s sleeping in the coolamon rather than the theme. This suggests that the dative is indeed the direct object, rather than an indirect object. In Romance languages, on the other hand, nps marked with the preposi- tion a often have certain properties such as the ability to be cross-referenced, indicating that they are core arguments (Alsina (1996b:150–60)), but do not undergo passivization (as ordinary direct objects do), indicating that they might have a different grammatical relation, which could then be appropriately called ‘indirect object’ (however, Alsina (1996a:13, 150)) rejects this kind of analysis, taking the a-marked recipients to be simply objects, with their differences from other objects, such as the non-applicability of passivization, being due to their dative case marking). In English, Bantu, and many other languages, on the other hand, we do not seem to find even prima facie plausible candidates for an indirect object grammatical relation. In these languages recipients are expressed either as The major functions of the noun phrase 191 direct objects, usually in a double object construction, or as obliques. For exam- ple, the to-object construction in English gives no evidence of being anything other than an ordinary oblique prepositional phrase. There is no reason to set up a special indirect object relation borne by it but not by other kinds of pp. The status of the notion of ‘indirect object’ is thus problematic and difficult to sort out. The top priority is to work out what properties recipients and themes do and do not share with p arguments of ptvs. 3.2.3 Other core relations Aside from subject, object and perhaps indi- rect object, various other core grammatical relations sometimes seem to be motivated. An example of an unusual core grammatical relation is provided by Warlpiri. Any Warlpiri verb may be supplemented by what Hale (1973) calls an ‘adjunct dative’, but which we will call a ‘supplementary dative’, to avoid con- fusion with the terminology of this chapter. A supplementary dative is a dative which expresses various semantic roles, but is cross-referenced as an indirect object. If associated with a verb with no special marking, the supplementary dative is interpreted as a beneficiary: (94) a. Ngarrka-ngku ka-rla kurdu-ku karli ngurrjuma-ni man-erg pres -3(dat) child-dat boomerang(abs) make-nonpast ‘The man is making a boomerang for the child’ b. Ngarrka-ngku ka-rla-jinta kurdu-ku miyi karnta-ku man-erg pres -3(dat)-3(dat) child-dat food(abs) woman-dat yi-nyi give-nonpast ‘The man is giving food to the child for the woman’ or: ‘The man is giving food to the woman for the child’ Example (94b) shows that the supplementary dative can co-occur with an indi- rect object, and is thus a distinct grammatical relation. Jinta is the form assumed by the second of two cross-reference markers both referring to a third person singular dative (Hale (1973:336)). The interpretation of the supplementary dative may be altered by adding to the verb one of a number of so-called ‘preverbs’ (which have a variety of additional functions in Warlpiri). Thus, with the preverb marlaja, the adjunct dative indicates the entity who brings about the situation described by the sentence. With the preverb piki(-piki), the dative represents an entity from which some participant is in danger: |
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