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a) It compares language systems and studies the degree of expansion and proximity of language properties which are geographically conditioned, irrespectively of the degree of their relatedness and defines general elements formed as a result of the mutual influence of languages and the cultures staying behind them.
b) Objects of study include borrowings, bi-lingual features, dialects, centum/satem languages, compiling dialectal maps, sub-stratum and super-stratum languages, neologisms, archaisms, hybrid languages, language contacts, etc.
c) The works of Roman Jacobson and V.G. Ghak.
d) It compares the systems of languages in two ways: diachronically and synchronically
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Languages of the Indo-European family are classified as either centum languages or satem languages according to how the dorsal consonants (consonants articulated with the back of the tongue) (sounds of "K" and "G" type) of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language developed.
A stratum (Latin for "layer") is a language that influences or is influenced by another through contact. A substratum is a language that has lower power or prestige than another, while a superstratum is the language that has higher power or prestige. Both substratum and superstratum languages influence each other, but in different ways.
Hybrid language. In natural language, a mixed language deriving from several languages simultaneously. Any result of language contact.
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