Linguistic research methods

DESCRIPTIVE TECHNIQUE

It is used in the study of the social functioning of the language system. It can be used to analyze the elements of the parts of the "language mechanism".
The descriptive method of linguistic research requires a careful and very precise characterization of morphemes, phonemes, words, grammatical forms, etc.
Each element is considered formally and semantically. This technique is currently used in conjunction with the structural method of linguistic research.

COMPARATIVE RECEPTION

It can be classified as one of the modern methods of linguistic research. Like the descriptive technique, the comparative way of learning a language is focused on the present, on the functioning of the linguistic structure. However, the key task is to understand the differences and similarities of two (or even more) languages.
The main subject of the comparative method of linguistic research is the structure of language systems. When using this technique, it is necessary to constantly compare both individual elements and entire areas of the structure. For example, using this method, you can analyze verbs in Russian and English.

STRUCTURAL WAY

This technique originated in the twentieth century, therefore it is considered one of the modern methods of linguistic research. The formation of the structural method was associated with the works of the Polish and Russian scientist I.A.  The key task of this method of linguistic research is to understand the language in the form of an integral structure, parts and components of which are correlated and connected through a strict system of relations.
The structured technique can be seen as an extension of the descriptive method. Both are aimed at studying the functioning of the language system.
The difference is that the descriptive technique is used in the study of "sets" of parts and components operating in the language. The structural method, in turn, allows you to explore connections, relationships, dependencies between them. Within this technique, there are several varieties: transformational and distributive analysis, as well as the method of direct constituents. Let's consider them briefly.