M. A. I english P. C3 & C6 Modern Linguistics title pmd
(D) The Behaviouristic Approach
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M. A. I English P. C-3 Intr. to Modern Linguistics all
(D)
The Behaviouristic Approach : In this view of meaning, the meaning of an expression is equated to the stimulus created on the side of the speaker and the response that ensues from the hearer. Many socially prescribed, ready-made responses to typical repetitive events in the social process are in the form of conditioned response, and according to Lyons 'quite properly described in behaviourist terms'. The main approach that is usually attributed to the behaviouristic approach in linguistics is that formulaic expressions only form a small subpart of our linguistic repertoire. Modern corpus linguistics however shows that formulaic expressions may in fact not be such a small part of our linguistic repertoire. The problem with behaviourism in terms of linguistic creativity lies in the fact that the human agent as the locus of creativity is negated. The contribution that this approach makes to the study of meaning is that phatic communication and the social responses that speakers make to meaning and communication, are not left out of the picture. 68 (E) The Functional-pragmatic approach : This approach sees language as a social instrument with which we perform social communicative functions, such as greeting each other, asking questions, giving commands, providing information and linguistically acting in the world. In this approach the meaning of an utterance is equivalent to its use. This view of meaning has given rise to one of the levels of linguistic analysis namely 'Pragmatics', in which theories such as speech act theory views utterances as speech acts. The speech act theory emphasizes the fact that language is action, that is to say the use of language is simultaneous with the performance of an action. When we produce an utterance, the three speech acts that are perfomed are: 1. The Locutionary Act: It basically means producing a meaninful utterance which could be understood by the listener. For example, a sentence like 'It is cold' has the basic meaning. 2. The Illocutinary Act: It refers to the implied or suggested meaning of an utterance. For example, the above sentence may have an illocutinary force. It may suggest that one must not go out as its too cold. 3. The Perlocutionary Act: It refers to the effect of the utterance on the listener. The communication cycle would be complete only when the Perlocutionary act is fulfilled. For example, when the listener understands the suggestion made by the speaker in the above sentence, we can say that the perlocutionary act is fulfilled. Download 1.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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