M. Iriskulov, A. Kuldashev a course in Theoretical English Grammar Tashkent 2008

IV. Communicative types of sentences in Modern English.
The three cardinal communicative types are strictly opposed to one another in 
Modern English by their meaning and form. Each sentence type is distinguished 
by the specific word-order and intonation, by the absence or presence of the 
interrogative pronouns or forms of the verb-predicate.
Thus, the declarative sentence expresses a statement, either affirmative or 
negative. It is built up around the direct word-order pattern, e.g.: He knew him 
pretty well.
The imperative sentence expresses inducement, either affirmative or negative. 
It urges the listener, in the form of request or command, to perform or not to 
perform a certain action, e.g.: Let’s do it right away! 
The structure of the imperative sentence is characterized by the lack of the subject 
and by the imperative mood form of the verb-predicate.
The interrogative sentence expresses a question and is naturally connected 
with the listener, e.g.: - Are you all right?
- Yes, thank you. 
Structurally the interrogative sentence is characterized by the reverse word-order 
pattern, the use of interrogative pronoun and interrogative forms of verb-predicate. 

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Alongside of the 3 cardinal communicative types there are also 6 
intermediary subtypes distinguished by mixed communicative features. The 
intermediary communicative types may be identified between all the three cardinal 
communicative 
correlations 
– statement-question, statement-inducement, 
inducement-question. They have grown as a result of the transference of certain 
characteristic features from one communicative type of sentence to another.
The first one in the classification is interrogative-declarative, i.e. declarative 
by its form and interrogative by its meaning, e.g.: I’d like to know what you are 
going to do under the circumstances.
The intermediary subtypes usually render some connotations, such as, insistency in 
asking for information, a request for permission to perform an action, etc.
The second subtype is declarative-interrogative, i.e. interrogative by its form 
and declarative by its meaning – the so-called rhetorical questions, is best seen in 
proverbs and maxims, e.g.: Can a leopard change his spots?
The next subtype is imperative-declarative, i.e. inducement expressed in the 
form of a declarative sentence. It is regularly achieved: 
- by means of constructions with modal verbs, e.g.: You must take care of him.
You ought to follow the instructions. You can’t see her; 
-by interaction of grammatical elements of the sentence with its lexical elements, 
e.g.: 
I guess you’ll excuse me if I say what I have to say. You will then let me have 
a look at his picture.
Declarative-imperative, i.e. imperative constructions used to express a 
declarative meaning, a characteristic feature of proverbs, e.g.: Live and learn.
Don’t put it off till tomorrow if you can do it today. 
Imperative-interrogative, inducement in the form of a question, is employed 
in order to convey such additional shades of meaning as request, invitation, 
suggestion, softening of a command, e.g.: - Why don’t you help him out of the car? 
- Would you like to go for a walk? 
Interrogative-imperative sentence induces the listener not to action but to 
speech, e.g.: Please tell me what the right number is. 
It should be noted that all cardinal and intermediary communicative sentences 
types are typical of Modern English and therefore should be reflected in practical 
teaching of English.