1. PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND : Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of
demand after a change in price
The formula for calculating the co-efficient of elasticity of demand is:
Percentage change in quantity demanded / percentage change in price
Values for price elasticity of demand
If Price elasticity of demand = 0 demand is
perfectly inelastic -
demand does not
change at all when the price changes – the demand curve will be vertical.
If Price elasticity of demand is between 0 and 1 (i.e. the %
change in demand from
A to B is smaller than the percentage change in price), then
demand is inelastic.
If Price elasticity of demand = 1 (i.e. the % change in demand is exactly the same as the
% change in price), then demand is
unit elastic. A 15% rise in price would lead to a 15%
contraction in demand leaving total spending the same at each price level.
If Price elasticity of demand > 1, then demand responds more than proportionately to
a change in price i.e.
demand is elastic. For example if a 10% increase in the price of a good
leads to a 30% drop in demand. The price elasticity of demand for this price change is –3
Inelastic Price elastic demand Zero price elasticity Perfectly elastic demand
2. Income demand
Income demand which indicates the relationship between income and the quantity of commodity demanded.
It relates to the various quantities of a commodity or service that will be bought by the consumer at various
levels of income in a given period of time, other things being equal.
Things that are assumed to remain equal are the price of the commodity in question, the prices of related
commodities, and the tastes, preferences and habits of the con¬sumer for it. The income-demand function
for Quantity Demanded a commodity is written as D = f (y).
The Fig. income-demand relationship is usually direct. The demand for the commodity
increases with the rise
in income and decreases
with the fall in income, as shown in Figure 9.
When income is OI,
the quantity
demanded is OQ and when income rises to OI1 the quantity demanded also increases to OQ1. The reverse
case can also be shown likewise. Thus, the income demand curve ID has a positive slope. But this slope is in
the case of normal goods.
Let us take the case of a consumer who is in the habit of consuming an inferior good. So long as his income
remains below a particular level of his minimum subsistence, he will continue to buy more of this inferior good
even when his income increase by small increments. But when his income starts rising above that level, he
reduces his demand for the inferior good.