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O 'Z B E K IST O N RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA 0 ‘RTA M A XSUS T A ’LIM VAZIRLIG1 B . A . H O B I L O V , N . J . T O ‘ Y C H I Y E V MATERIALLAR QARSHILIGI O liy o'q u v yurtlarining arxitektura v a qurilish ta ’lim y o ‘n alish i talabalari uchun darslik « 0 ‘ZBEKIST0N FAYLASUFLAR1 MILLIY JAMIYATI» NASHRIYOTI TOSHKENT - 2008 M uhandislik fanlarining asosi hisoblanm ish m ateriallar qarshiligi fani vazifalari va m uam m olarini yoritishga, ulam ing yechim ini bayon etishga bag'ishlangan ushbu dars- Iikda predm etning asosiy m avzulari ham klassik, ham da zam onaviy uslublarda yoritil- gan. M azkur darslik orqali talaba m ashina va inshoot qism larini m ustahkamlikka, bikr- Iikka va ustuvorlikka hisoblash usullari bilan tanishadi. M ashina va mexanizmlar. quri- lish konstruksiyalarini hisoblash uchun o 'zig a poydevor yaratadi. D arslik texnika y o ‘nalishida bilim olayotgan talabalarga m o ‘ljallangan. O 'zb ek isto n Respublikasi O liy va o ‘rta maxsus ta ’lim vazirligi oliy o ‘quv yurtlari uchun darslik sifatida tavsiya etgan. T a q r i z c h i l a r fizika-m atem atika fanlari doktori, akadem ik V .Q . Q obulov, flzika-m atem atika fanlari doktori, professor F.B. B adalov, texnika fanlari nom zodi, dotsent M .Q . N azaro v a. M a s ’ u l m u h a r r i r : texnika fanlari nomzodi, dotsent P .H . H am ray ev . 30.121 H56 H obilov B.A. M a t e r ia lla r q a r s h ilig i: O liy o 'q u v yurtlari uchun d a rs lik / B.A. H obilov, N.J. T o'ychiyev; Taqrizchilar: V.Q. Q obulov, F.B. Badalov, M .Q. N azarova. M as’ul m uharrir P.H. H amrayev; 0 ‘zbekiston R espublikasi O liy va o ‘rta m axsus taMim vazirli gi. - T oshkent: O 'zbekiston faylasuflari m illiy jam iyati nashriyoti, 2008. - 400 b. ББК 30.121 1. T o 'y ch iy ev N .J. ISB N : 978-9943-319-70-7 I - sterjen u z u n lig i, h - k e s im b a la n d lig i, b - k e s im k e n g lig i, D ,d - d ia m e trla r, R ,r - ra d iu s la r, 8 - d e v o r q a lin lig i, b i r li k k o ‘ c h is h , A - k e s im y u z a s i, Sy, Sz - s ta tik m o m e n tla r, Jy, Jz - o ‘ qqa nisbatan in e rs iy a m o m e n tla ri, Jz, y - m a rk a z d a n q o c h irm a in e rs iy a m o m e n ti, Jp - q u tb in e rs iy a m o m e n ti, W - q a r s h ilik m o m e n ti, p - e g r ilik ra d iu s i, i - in e rs iy a ra d iu s i, Я - s te rje n n in g e g ilu v c h a n lig i, Al - a b s o lu t u z a y is h , s - n is b iy u z a y is h , y - n is b iy s iljis h y o k i s iljis h b u rc h a g i, (p - b u ra lis h b u rc h a g i, в - b u r ilis h b u rc h a g i, f - b a lk a s o lq ilig i, cr, t - n o rm a l v a u rin m a k u c h la n is h la r, a ai Ta ~ q iy a k e s im d a g i k u c h la n is h la r, [a, r ] [ c ] , ^ ] - ru x s a t e tilg a n k u c h la n is h la r, a kr - k r i t i k k u c h la n is h , q> - b o ‘ y la m a e g ilis h d a ru x s a t e tilg a n k u c h la n is h n i p a s a y tiris h k o e ff it - s ie n ti, E , G - e la s tik lik m o d u li va s iljis h m o d u li, f-i - Puasson k o e ffits ie n ti, Q ~ y i g ‘ iq k u c h la r, Pkr - k r itik kuch. Eski va yangi oMcham birliklari 1 9 6 0 -y ild a H a lq a ro o M c h o v la r sistem asi j o r iy e tild i. B u sistem a S I (S i) sistem asi deb a ta la d i. B u sistem aga k o ‘ ra asosiy o ‘ Ic h o v uchun 1kg massa q ab u l q ilin d i va k u c h o ‘ lc h o v i uchun undan k e lib c h iq u v c h i m iq d o r qabul q ilin d i. SI s is te m a s id a k u c h n in g o ‘ lc h o v b i r l i g i q i l i b 1 k g m assaga lm /s - tezla n ish b e ru v c h i kuch q a b u l q ilin a d i. B u oMcham « N ’ y u to n » deb a ta la d i va N h a rfi b ila n b e lg ila n a d i. K u c h o ‘ lc h o v b irlig id a eski (M K G S S ) va ya n g i (S I) sistem alar orasi- dagi bogManish q u y id a g ic h a ifo d a la n a d i: 1 k g = 9 ,8 0 6 6 5 N * 10 N , 1 N = 0 ,1 0 1 9 7 k g = 10-' kg, 1 x = 104 N , 1 N = 10-6 M N , dem ak, I t = IO '2 M N , 1 M N = 106 N , bunda M N - m e g a N ’ y u to n deb o ‘ q ila d i. M assa o ‘ lc h o v i q u y id a g ic h a boM adi: 1 k g » 0,1 k g -s 2/m , c h u n k i 1 kg -sV m = 9,81 « 10 N . B o s im (k u c h la n is h ) y a n g i sistem ada q u y id a g ic h a ifo d a la n a d i: 1 k g / sm 2 = 10 N /s m 2 = 105 N /m 2 = 10_l M N /m 2; 1 N /s m 2 = 10 '1 k g / sm 2 = 10 '2 M N /m 2. Ish (e n e rg iy a ) ifo d a s i: I kg m = 10 N m = IO '5 M N m ; 1 N m = 10’ 1 k g m = 10"1 tm . SI sistem asida ish b ir lig i u ch u n IN k u c h n i l m y o ‘ ld a bajargan ish i q a b u l q ilin g a n . B u n i «Joul» deb a ta la d i va J h a rfi b ila n b e lg ila n a d i. M U N D A R I J A I BOB. KIRISH 1.1. M ateriallar q arsh ilig i fan i v a z if a la r i.............................................................................10 1.2. M ateriallar qarsh ilig i fa n in in g rivojlanish y o ‘l l a r i ................................................. 13 1.3. Inshootlar va ularning h iso b lash sxem alari. T a y a n c h la r...................................... 16 1.4. Y uklar ta s n if l........................................................................................................................19 1.5. Ichki kuchlar. K esish usuli. K u c h la n is h la r............................................................... 22 1.6. K onstruksiyalami hisoblashda m atritsalar nazariyasi va a m a liy o ti........................ 24 1.6.1. M atritsalar haq id a t u s h u n c h a ...................................................................................... 24 1.6.2. Materiallar qarshiligi m asalalarida uchraydigan matritsa v a v e k to rla r.................. 27 1.6.3. M atritsalar ustidagi a m a l l a r .........................................................................................30 II BOB. CHO‘ZILISH VA SIQILISH 2.1. C h o 'zilish v a siqilishda kuchlanish v a deform atsiyalar. G uk q o n u n i................... 35 2.2. S en-V enan p rinsipi h a q id a ............................................................................................... 40 2 .3. M ateriallam i c h o 'z ilis h g a s i n a s h ................................................................................... 41 2 .4. C h o ‘zilish diagram m asi va u n in g x arakterli n u q ta l a r i .......................................... 42 2.5. M ateriallarni siq ilish g a s i n a s h ........................................................................................46 2.6. M ateriallam in g qattiqligini aniqlash ............................................................................48 2.7. K u chlanishlar k o n se n tra tsiy a si........................................................................................49 2.8. R uxsat etilgan kuchlanishlar. K esim ta n la s h ............................................................ 50 2.9. X ususiy o g ’irlikni h iso b g a o l i s h ...................................................................................59 2 .1 0 . C h o 'z ilish v a siq ilish d a statik noaniq m a s a la la r.................................................. 63 2 .11. T em p eratu ra (harorat) o ‘zgarishidan hosil boMadigan k u c h la n is h la r................................................................................................................................. 66 2.12. Sterjenlarni ch o ‘ziIish v a siq ilish g a hisoblashni o ‘rgatuvchi k o m p y u ter tex n o lo g iy a si............................................................................................................68 III BOB. KESIM YUZALARINING GEOMETRIK TAVSIFLARI 3.1. G eom etrik ta v s ifla r............................................................................................................. 75 3.2. Parallel o ‘qlarga nisb atan inersiya m om entlari o rasidagi b o gM anish...............81 3.3. O 'q la r burilganda inersiya m om entlari orasidagi b o g 'la n is h .............................. 82 3 .4. K o 'n d a la n g kesim lardagi asosiy o ‘q lar, bosh in ersiy a o ‘qlari v a bosh inersiya m o m e n tla r i..........................................................................................................83 3 .5. In ersiy a ellipsi v a u n in g xossalari ............................................................................... 86 3 .6. T ek is y u zala rn in g geo m etrik tav siflarin i k o m p y u terd a h iso b la sh a lg o r itm i...................................................................................................................... 86 4.1. Nuqtadagi kuchlanish................................................................................................... 95 4.2. Bosh yuzalar va bosh kuchlanishlar........................................................................96 4.3. Chiziqli kuchlanish h o la ti........................................................................................... 97 4.4. Tekis kuchlanish h o la ti................................................................................................99 4.5. Kuchlanishlami grafik usulda aniqlash (Mor d oirasi)......................................102 4.6. Hajmiy kuchlanish holatidagi eng katta kuchlanishlar.....................................104 4.7. Hajmiy kuchlanish holalida defoimatsiyalar. Umumlashgan Guk qonuni................. 106 4.8. Deformatsiyaning potensial energiyasi.................................................................. 108 4.9. Mustahkamlik nazariyalari........................................................................................111 V BOB. SILJISH 5.1. Siljishdagi kuchlanishlar. Siljishdagi Guk q on u n i............................................ 117 5.2. S o f siljishda ruxsat etilgan kuchlanishlar.............................................................120 5.3. Konstruksiya elementlarini siljishga hisoblash................................................... 122 VI BOB. BURALISH 6.1. Buralish deformatsiyasiga doir asosiy tushunchalar......................................... 130 6.2. Buralishdagi kuchlanish va deformatsiyalar........................................................ 132 6.3. Kesimi doiraviy boMmagan sterjenlarning buralishi......................................... 139 6.4. Buralishga hisoblashda o'rgatuvchi kompyuter texnologiyasi........................ 146 VII BOB. EGILISH 7.1. Egilishga oid tushunchalar........................................................................................ 148 7.2. Eguvchi moment va ko‘ndalang kuchlami aniqlash......................................... 150 7.3. Eguvchi moment, ko'ndalang kuch va yoyilgan kuch intensivligi orasidagi differensial bogManishlar................................................................................. 152 7.4. Eguvchi moment va ko'ndalang kuch epyuralarini qurish..............................153 7.5. Egilishda normal kuchlamishlar..............................................................................163 7.6. Egilishda urinma kuchlanishlar............................................................................... 168 7.7. Ko‘ndalang egilishda balkalarning mustahkamligini tekshirish.....................173 7.8. Balkalarning mustahkamligini bosh kuchlanishlar bo'yicha tekshirish..............181 7.9. Egilish m arkazi.............................................................................................................183 7.10. Konstruksiyani egilishga hisoblashda kompyuter tex n ologiyasi................. 187 VIII BOB. BALKALARNING EGILISHDAGI DEFORMATSIYALARINI ANIQLASH 8.1. Balkalarning solqiligi va burilish burchaklari.....................................................192 8.2. Egilgan 0 ‘qning differensial tenglamasi ........................................................ 193 8.3. Egilgan o'qning differensial tenglamasini integrallash................................ 196 8.4. Boshlang‘ich parametrlar usuli........................................................................199 IX BOB. KO‘CHISHLARNI ANIQLASHNING UMUMIY USULLARI 9.1. Ko‘chishlar va ishlar haqida tushuncha......................................................... 206 9.2. Ishlar va ko'chishlarning o‘zaro bog'lanishi haqidagi teoremalar.............. 210 9.3. Ko'chishlami aniqlash uchun Mor formulasi va Vereshchagin usuli.............. 213 9.4. Haroratning o‘zgarishidan va tayanchlarning cho‘kishidan hosil bo‘ladigan ko‘chishlar....................................................................................217 X BOB. STATIK NOANIQ MASALALAR 10.1. Umumiy tushunchalar....................................................................................229 10.2. Kuchlar usulining asosiy sistemasini tanlash..............................................231 10.3. Kuchlar usulining kanonik tenglamalari...................................................... 233 10.4. Kanonik tenglama koeffitsientlari va ozod hadlarini aniqlash.................. 235 10.5. Statik noaniq ramalarning M, Q va N epyuralarini qurish....................... 238 10.6. Statik noaniq uzluksiz balkalarni hisoblash.................................................247 10.7. Uzluksiz balkalarni moment fokuslari usulida hisoblash........................... 255 10.8. Statik noaniq masalalarni kompyuterda hisoblash texnologiyasi.............. 264 XI BOB. MURAKKAB QARSIIILIK 11.1. Qiyshiq egilish................................................................................................ 269 11.2. Cho‘zilish (siqilish) bilan egilishning birgalikdagi ta’siri......................... 274 11.3. Nomarkaziy siqilish........................................................................................277 11.4. Nomarkaziy siqilish yoki cho‘zilishning umumiy holi.............................. 278 11.5. Kesim yadrosi.................................................................................................280 11.6. Egilish bilan buralishning birgalikdagi ta’siri.............................................282 XII BOB. YUKLARNING DINAMIK TA’SIRI 12.1. Umumiy mulohazalar.....................................................................................288 12.2. Dinamik kuchlar ta’sirida vujudga keladigan kuchlanishlami aniqlash.... 289 12.3. Dinamik yuklar ta’sirida hosil bo‘lgan tebranma harakatlar..................... 291 12.4. Inshootlar dinamikasi usullari....................................................................... 294 12.5. Erkinlik darajasi bitta bo‘lgan sistemalarning erkin tebranishlari............. 295 12.6. Erkinlik darajasi bitta bo'lgan sistemalarning majburiy tebranishlari (qarshilik kuchlari hisobga olinmagan hoi)........................................................... 303 13.1. Asosiy tushunchalar.................................................................................................316 13.2. Siqilgan sterjenlar uchun Eyler form ulasi......................................................... 319 13.3. Uchlari turlicha mahkamlangan steijenlar uchun kritik kuch ifodasi...............323 13.4. Siqilgan sterjenlarni amaliy h isob lash ................................................................325 X I V B O B . K O N S T R U K S I Y A L A R N I N G O P T I M A L 0 ‘L C H A M L A R I V A I S H O N C H L I L I G I N I A N IQ L A S H 14.1. Optimallashtirish m asalasi..................................................................................... 328 14.2. Optimallashtirishdan m aqsad.................................................................................329 14.3. Optimallashtirish masalasini y e c h ish .................................................................. 329 14.4. Ekstremal masalalami yechish u su li................................................................... 334 14.5. Konstruksiyalarni optimal loyihalash.................................................................. 336 14.6. Konstruksiyalarning ko‘p mezonli (vektorli) optimallashtirish masalalarini yechish ............................................................................................................ 341 14.7. Konstruksiyalarning optimal oMchamlarini topadigan «Poisk» kompyuter dasturi................................................................................................................ 348 14.8. Konstruksiyalarni hisoblashda ishonchlilik (l'aa.aeiifloU) nazariyasi........ 351 X V B O B . D E F O R M A T S 1 Y A V A K U C H L A N I S H H O L A T L A R I N I E K S P E R I M E N T A L T A D Q I Q E T I S H U S U L L A R I 15.1. Materiallami va konstruksiyalarni sin a sh .......................................................... 362 15.2. Deformatsiyalarni mexanik tenzometrlar yordamida aniqlash..................... 364 15.3. Qarshilik uzatkichlarining qoMlanilishi...............................................................368 15.4. Kuchlanishlami optik usulda an iqlash ................................................................ 373 15.5. Muar tasmalari u s u li................................................................................................377 15.6. Kuchlanishlami aniqlashning rentgen u su li.......................................................382 15.7. Lok qoplash u su li......................................................................................................389 Ilovalar.....................................................................................................................................390 S O ‘ Z B O S H I U sto zim iz 0 ‘ z F A akadem igi prof. M .T . O ‘ rozboevning ilk bo r o 'z b e k ti- lid a yaratgan « M a te ria lla r qarshiligi» d a rs lig in in g chop etilganiga 4 0 -y il, usto- z im izn in g safdoshlari p ro f. Mansurov K .M . ning shu n o m li k ito b la rin in g yara- tilg a n ig a 20 y ild a n oshdi. Bu davr m obaynida fan, texnikada katta o 'zg a rish la r s o d ir boMdi. K o in o t zabt e tild i. K o m p yu te r asri boshlandi. Shubhasizki, bu o ‘ zgarishlar deform atsiyalanuvchi qattiq jis m m exanikasida ham o ‘ z aksini top- d i. D avr ruhi darslik va o ‘ quv qoMlanmalariga k irib bordi. Q o‘ lin g iz d a g i k ito b bundan mustasno emas. M azkur darslik O 'zbekiston Respublikasi o liy va o‘ rta maxsus ta‘ lim v a z irli- g in in g te x n ik o liy o ‘ q u v y u rtla ri uchun ba ka lavrla r tayyorlash ta‘ lim andozalari va te xn ik o liy o ‘ quv y u rtla ri - Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti, Toshkent yengil sanoat te kstil in stitu ti, Toshkent a rx ite k tu ra -q u rilis h in s titu ti va Toshkent davlat avtom obil y o 'lla r i in stitu ti tom onidan yaratilgan namunali o ‘ quv dastur- lari asosida yozilgan. D a rs lik te x n ik O liy o ‘ quv y u rtla rin in g barcha mutaxassis- lik la r ig a , b a k a la v rla r y o ‘ n a lis h i b o 'y ic h a ta ‘ lim o la y o tg a n ta la b a la rg a m o 'lja lla n g a n . D arslikda m a te ria lla r q a rsh ilig in in g asosiy m avzu la ri t o i i q qamrab olingan. N azariy m avzular am aliy m isol va m asalalar b ila n b o yitilg a n . M is o l va masala- la m i tanlashda S.N .Belyaev, M .T .O 'ro z b o e v , G.S.Pisarenko, R .S .K inasoshvili singari sa lo h iya tli m u a llifla m in g k ito b la rid a n foydalandik. D e y a rli har b ir mav- zu kom pyuter texnologiyasiga bog'langan holda bayon e tild i. Talabani h o zirg i zamon usu lla ri b ila n ta n ish tirish maqsadida o p tim a lla sh tirish va is h o n c h lilik nazariyasiga oid alohida bob a jra tild i. K ito b n in g 3 va 14 boblari, kom pyuter texnologiyasiga d o ir paragraflar prof. T o 'y c h ie v N.J., qolgan boblari prof. H o b ilo v B .A . tom onidan yozilgan. K ito b q o 'ly o z m a s in i k o 'rib chiqib, o ‘ z in in g q im m a tli m aslahatlarini bergan ta q riz c h ila r akadem ik V .Q .Q o b ulo v, proffessor, F.Badalov, dotsent Nazarova M .Q . mas’ u l m uharrir, dotsent, P.Hamrayevga m u a llifla r o ‘ z la rin in g sam im iy m in n a td o rc h ilik la rin i b ild ira d ila r. M a t e r i a l l a r q a r s h i l i g i in s h o o t v a m a s h i n a l a r n i h is o b la s h n a z a r iy a s in i n g a s o s id ir . Download 78.98 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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