Measuring student knowledge and skills
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measuring students\' knowledge
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- Mathematical Literacy 51 OECD 1999 Contexts for items
Task characteristics
In the previous sections, the OECD/PISA mathematical literacy domain has been defined and the structure of the domain has been described. This section considers the assessment tasks that will be used to assess the students. In this section the nature of the tasks, the mathematical context of the tasks, the task format, and the process of developing the tasks are described. Mathematical Literacy 51 OECD 1999 Contexts for items An issue that needs to be considered when the assessment tasks are developed is the mathematical contexts in which the items are placed. The term context is used in accordance with the established use of this term in mathematics education. A context is an extra-mathematical or intra-mathematical setting within which the elements of a mathematical complex (i.e. a problem, a task or a collection of mathematical objects, relations, phenomena, etc.) are to be interpreted. A context is either a setting in which a given mathematical complex is already embedded (intra-mathematical setting), or a setting that lends itself to the activation of such a complex that then becomes embedded in that context (extra-mathematical set- ting). The embedding of a mathematical complex in an extra-mathematical context always implies the explicit or implicit (tacit) presence of a mathematical model which represents (aspects of) the setting by means of a translation into the mathematical complex at issue. The above definition of context allows for a wide variety of contexts. For example, contexts can be drawn from other subjects, areas of professional or vocational practice, everyday life, life in the commu- nity and society, and so on. Leisure contexts such as sports and games are included in this definition as well. Situation, as defined earlier as a minor aspect, is one form of context. The pool of assessment tasks will use a variety of contexts. The variety is needed to ensure cultural diversity and to represent the range of roles that mathematics can play. In OECD/PISA, the assessment tasks will focus on authentic contexts. A context is considered authen- tic if it resides in the actual experiences and practices of the participants in a real-world setting. Note that this definition does not require the students being assessed to be members of that setting. For example, questions about the yield from savings placed in a bank at a realistic interest rate may well be authentic even though they are outside the current sphere of experiences of the students who are being assessed. It is important to recognise that using real components is not sufficient to make a context authentic. Consider, for example, the tasks in Figures 7 and 8. Both of these tasks include real elements but they are not authentic because no one in an out-of-school setting is likely to be called upon to address such problems. The contexts of these problems have been chosen to make them look superficially like real-world problems. OECD/PISA avoids, wherever possible, such types of contexts. The OECD/PISA emphasis on authentic contexts does not preclude the inclusion of important and/or interesting mathematical contexts (sometimes these may be virtual contexts). Consider, for example, the task in Figure 9. Here the context is stylised or generalised and it may or may not be authentic. Such Download 0.68 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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