Measuring student knowledge and skills
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measuring students\' knowledge
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- Aids and tools
- Mathematical Literacy
Other issues
Links to other assessment areas The focus of OECD/PISA is different from that of previous comparative surveys in mathematics, such as the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (IEA/TIMSS). While IEA/TIMSS is an instrument that was constructed around the common denominator of national curricula of participating countries, the aim of OECD/PISA is to assess mathematical literacy as defined above. Those familiar with IEA/TIMSS will see that there are relationships between OECD/PISA’s “mathematical competencies” and IEA/TIMSS’s “performance expectations”, and that the “mathematical curricular strands” show certain similarities to those used in IEA/TIMSS. However, in OECD/PISA the curricular strands are subsumed as part of the big ideas that the domain of mathematical literacy addresses. Also, while most of the items in the IEA/TIMSS performance categories map on to Competency Class 1, OECD/PISA aims at covering Competency Classes 2 and 3 as well. For these reasons it is not expected that a psychometric link between the IEA/TIMSS and OECD/PISA reporting scales will be feasible. Aids and tools There are three possible policies with regard to the use of calculators and other tools that might be implemented in OECD/PISA: – students could be prevented from using any calculators; – students could be restricted to using a calculator supplied as part of the OECD/PISA assessment; or – students could be free to use their own calculators and tools. Mathematical Literacy 57 OECD 1999 OECD/PISA will implement the third of the above possibilities. This option has been chosen because it represents the most authentic assessment of what students can achieve, and will provide the most informative comparison of the performance of education systems. A system’s choice to allow students to access and use calculators is no different, in principle, from other instructional policy decisions that are made by systems and are not controlled by OECD/PISA. Further, the argument that the first two options would lead to a fairer assessment, because of the apparent equality in the testing conditions, is superficial. Students who are used to answering questions with a calculator will be disadvantaged if this resource is taken away. Students who are provided with a calculator with which they are unfamiliar may not use that calculator efficiently, or its provision may encourage them to use it unnecessarily or inappropriately. For example, for many students, the simple problem 6 + 4 × 3 = ? is more difficult with a simple calculator than without – particularly for those stu- dents who are not familiar with calculators. It is therefore the policy of OECD/PISA that students should be allowed to use calculators and other tools as they are normally used in school. However, in OECD/PISA the test items will be chosen so that the use of calculators is not likely to enhance a student’s performance in the assessment. |
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