Michael r. Katz middlebury college
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- Bazarov Once Again 25 First Letter
- EDMUND WILSON [On Translating Turgenev] 33
- From a contemporary conversation 35
APOLLON GRIGOREV 23 [Nihilists] * * * Now the matter has become clear once and for all. It is not a question of Pushkin's "rattlings" or the "vulgarity" of certain of his poems (like "The Hero," for example)—it is not at all a question of the "kingdom of darkness," supposedly described only satirically by Ostrovsky, 24 1. Art is nonsense, useful only to arouse dormant human energy to something more substantial and important, and swept away as soon as any kind of positive results are attained. —now the matter consists of matter, that is, in that: 2. Nationality—that is, certain national organisms—is also nonsense, which must disappear during the amalgamation the result of which will be a world where the moon is joined to the earth. 3. History (this had been said two years ago completely clearly) is nonsense, a senseless canvas of inept errors, shameful blindness and the most amusing enthusiasms. 4. Science—except for its exact and positive sides, expressed in the branches of mathematics and natural science—is the greatest nonsense, the ravings of fruitlessly stultifying human heads. 5. Thought is a completely senseless process, useless and quite conveniently replaced by the good teachings of the five—excuse me!—six clever little books. But any person who is accustomed to the noxious process of thinking will involuntarily repeat Galileo's words "And yet it does turn!" Since even these results, that in the final analysis deny thought any meaning, are in themselves the results of 23 From A. A. Grigorev, Sochineniya, edited by N. N. Strakhov (St. Petersburg, 1876) 626-27. Translated by Ralph E. Matlaw. Reprinted by permission. This is a section of an article, "Paradoxes of Organic Criticism," that appeared in Dostoevsky's The Epoch in 1864. Grigorev (1822-64) was a brilliant though eccentric critic extolling traditional Russian life, and a good poet. 24 A. N. Ostrovsky (1823-86), leading Russian dramatist. His early plays, dealing with the merchant world, were "analyzed" bv Dobrolyubov in a long article entitled "The Kingdom of Darkness" (1859) [Editor]. thought—whatever it may be, it is thinking nevertheless and not the digestive process. ("And perhaps the digestive process too?" You will ask me again to note. ) Certain "generalizations" so reluctantly used by the adepts of our nihilism, which they flee and fear as the devil fears holy water, were nevertheless present at the conception of their theories. In order to say "I dissect frogs," or "I make soap" [as in Ustryalov's parody of Fathers and Sons], certain generalizations, albeit negative ones, are necessary —to wit, to elevate disbelief in any other knowledge than particular knowledge into a principle. These very words are insincere in Bazarov and childishly vulgar in his parody. On Bazarov's lips they simply cover a certain intellectual despair, a despair of conscience that has been scalded several times and consequently fears cold water, conscience that had been stopped short by several insubstantial systems that tried grandiosely though not completely successfully to contain all of universal life in a single principle. Such a completely comprehensible moment of consciousness, considered ideal by Bazarov and ideal by nihilism too, has a completely legitimate place in the general process of human consciousness,—and therefore though I laugh wholeheartedly at the facts, that is, at one foolish representative or another of so- called nihilism, I do not permit myself to laugh at the general stream, at the general spirit christened with that name—whether successfully or not —and am still less capable of denying the organic-historical necessity of that eructation of materialism in new forms. But that this organic-historical eructation is no more than a passing moment—no dreams about white blackamoors will dissuade me of that. Thought, science, art, nationality, history are not at all steps in some sort of progress, a husk swept away by the human spirit as soon as it has attained some positive results, but the eternal, organic work of eternal forces inherent in him as an organism. It seems to be a very simple and clear thing, and yet that's just what one has to explain in our day, as if it were something completely new ... and yet it would seem, it is completely simple and clear, so simple and clear that the most organic view that emerges immediately from it is nothing other than a simple, untheoretical view of life and its manifestations or expression in science, art, and the history of nations. * * * ALEXANDER HERZEN Bazarov Once Again 25 First Letter Instead of a letter, dear friend, I am sending you a dissertation, and an unfinished one at that. After our conversation I reread Pisarev's article on Bazarov, which I had completely forgotten, and I am very glad of it; that is, not that I had forgotten it, but that I reread it. This article confirms my own viewpoint. In its one-sidedness it is truer and more remarkable than its adversaries thought. Whether Pisarev understood Turgenev's Bazarov correctly does not concern me. What is important is that he recognized himself and others like him in Bazarov and supplied what was lacking in the book. The less Pisarev kept to the mold in which the 25 From Alexander Herzen, Sobranie sochineniy, vol. XX (Moscow, 1954-61) 335-40. Translated by Lydia Hooke. In this essay of 1868 Herzen undertook to show other forms of civic action than those the nihilists proclaimed. In particular he emphasized the "fathers' " activity in publishing, at home and abroad, and their salutary effect on social development in Russia. angry parent sought to fit the refractory son, the more freely does he project his own ideal on him. "But why should Pisarev's ideal interest us? Pisarev is an incisive critic, he wrote much, he wrote about everything, sometimes on subjects he knew, but all this does not give his ideal the right to claim general consideration." But the point is that this is not just his personal ideal, but the ideal that was cherished by the young generation before Turgenev's Bazarov and after him and which was embodied, not only by various characters in stories and novels, but also by real people who endeavored to base their actions and words on Bazarovism. I have heard and seen a dozen times what Pisarev is talking about; he has artlessly given away the heartfelt idea of a whole group; he has focused diffuse rays on one point and with them illuminated the original Bazarov. Bazarov is more than an outsider to Turgenev, but to Pisarev he is more than a brother; for heuristic purposes, of course, we should choose the viewpoint which regards Bazarov as its desideratum. Pisarev's adversaries were frightened by his imprudence; they repudiated Turgenev's Bazarov as a caricature and even more vehemently rejected his transfigured double; they were displeased that Pisarev had made a fool of himself, but this does not mean that he had misunderstood Bazarov. Pisarev knows the heart of his Bazarov to the core. He even confesses for him: "Perhaps," he says, "in the depths of his soul Bazarov acknowledges much of what he repudiates aloud and perhaps it is precisely what he thus acknowledges which secretly saves him from moral degradation and moral worthlessness." We consider this immodesty, peering so deeply into the soul of another, to be very significant. Pisarev further characterizes his hero as follows: "Bazarov is exceedingly full of self-esteem, but this self-esteem is unnoticeable [it is clear that this is not Turgenev's Bazarov] as a direct consequence of his vastness." Bazarov could be satisfied only by "a whole eternity of constantly expanding activity and constantly increasing pleasures." 26 Bazarov, everywhere and in everything, does what he pleases or what seems to him to be advantageous or convenient. He is ruled only by his whims or his personal calculations. Neither over himself, nor outside himself, nor within himself does he recognize a moderator ... ahead—no exalted goal; in his mind—no high design, and yet he has such great capacities. ... If Bazarovism is a disease, then it is the disease of our time, and must be endured to the end no matter what palliatives and amputations are employed. [Bazarov] looks down on people and rarely even takes the trouble to conceal his half disdainful, half patronizing attitude toward those who hate him and those who obey him. He loves no one. ... he considers it completely unnecessary to lay any restraint whatsoever on himself . . . His cynicism has two aspects, an internal and an external one, a cynicism of thought and feeling and a cynicism of manner and expression. An ironic attitude toward emotion of any sort, toward dreaminess, lyrical transports and effusions, is the essence of the internal cynicism. The rude expression of this irony, and a causeless and purposeless harshness in the treatment of others relates to external cynicism. ... Bazarov is not only an empiricist, he is also an uncouth rowdy ... In the ranks of 26 Youth likes to express itself in various extravagant conceits and to strike the imagination with infinitely large images. The last sentence reminds me of Karl Moor, Ferdinand, and Don Carlos [in Schiller's plays]. Bazarov's admirers there will undoubtedly be those who will be enraptured by his coarse manners, ... which are, in any case, a shortcoming and not a virtue. 27 . . . [Such people are] most often engendered by the drab conditions of a life of labor; from hard labor the hands coarsen, so do the manners and emotions; the man grows stronger and banishes youthful dreaminess, rids himself of lachrymose sensitivity; it is not possible to daydream at work ... This man has become used to looking on dreams as on a whim, peculiar to idleness and aristocratic pampering; ... moral aspirations and actions as imagined and ridiculous. ... |Hc feels an| aversion to phrase making. Then Pisarev introduces Bazarov's family tree: the Onegins and the Pechorins begat the Rudins and Bel'tovs. 28 The Rudins and Bel'tovs begat Bazarov. (Whether the Decembrists were omitted purposely or not, I do not know.) 29 Weary, bored people are replaced by people yearning for action, life rejects them both as unfit and incomplete. "At times they will have to suffer, but they will never succeed in accomplishing deeds. Society is deaf and implacable toward them. They are not capable of accommodating themselves to its conditions, not one of them ever attained the rank of head of a department. Some console themselves by becoming professors and working for the future generation." There is no doubt of the negative service they perform. They increase the number of people incapable of practical action, consequently, this practical action itself or, more precisely, the forms which it usually takes at present, slowly but surely are lowered in the opinion of society. It seemed (after the Crimean campaign) that Rudinism was coming to an end, that the epoch of fruitless dreaming and yearning was to be followed by an epoch of tireless and useful activity. But the mirage was dispelled. The Rudins did not become practical men, from them came a new generation, which regards its predecessors with reproach and mockery. 'What are you complaining about, what are you seeking, what do you ask of life? No doubt, you want happiness? That's not much, is it? Happiness must be won. If you have the power, take it. If not—be silent, things are bad enough without you.' A gloomy, intense energy is manifested in the younger generation's unfriendly attitude toward its mentors. In its concepts of good and evil this generation was like the best people of the preceding generation, their sympathies and antipathies were the same, they desired one and the same thing, but the people of the past fussed and bustled about. The people of the present do not fuss, they seek nothing, they submit to no compromises and they place their hopes on nothing. They are just as impotent as the Rudins, but they have acknowledged their impotence. 'I cannot act now,' thinks each of these new people, 'I will not even try, I disdain everything around me and 1 will not conceal my disdain. I shall enter the battle against evil only when I feel myself to be strong.' Since they cannot act, these people begin to 27 This prediction came true. This mutual interaction of people and books is a strange thing. A book takes its whole shape from the society that spawns it, then generalizes the material, renders it clearer and sharper, and as a consequence reality is transformed. The originals become caricatures of their own sharply drawn portraits and real people take on the character of their literary shadows. At the end of the last century all German men were a little like Werther, all German women like Charlotte; at the beginning of this century, the university Werthers began to turn into "robbers," Schiller's, not real ones. Young Russians were almost all out of [Chernyshevsky's] What's to be done? after 1862, with the addition of a few of Bazarov's traits. 28 Leading character of Herzen's novel Whose Fault? [Editor]. 29 The four characters named are the protagonists of novels by Pushkin, Lermontov, Turgenev, and Herzen. They formed a historic series of the "superfluous man" in Dobrolyubov's interpretation. The Decembrists were real, the participants in the abortive revolt of December, 1825 [Editor]. think and analyze ... superstitions and authorities are shattered and their world view becomes completely devoid of various illusory notions. They are not concerned with whether society is following them; they are full of themselves, of their inner life. In a word, the Pechorins have the will but not the knowledge, the Rudins have the knowledge but not the will, the Bazarovs have both the knowledge and the will. Thought and deed merge in one stable whole. Everything is here, if there are no errors, both characterization and classification— all is concise and clear, the sum is tallied, the account is rendered, and from the point of view from which the author approached the problem everything is perfectly correct. But we do not accept this account, we protest against it from our premature and unready graves. We are not Karl V and do not wish to be buried alive. 30 The fates of the fathers and sons are strange! Clearly Turgenev did not introduce Bazarov to pat him on the head; it is also clear that he had wanted to do something for the benefit of the fathers. But, juxtaposed to such pitiful and insignificant fathers as the Kirsanovs, the stern Bazarov captivated Turgenev and, instead of spanking the son, he flogged the fathers. This is why it happened that a portion of the younger generation recognized itself in Bazarov. But we do not recognize ourselves at all in the Kirsanovs; just as we do not recognize ourselves in the Manilovs and Sobakeviches, 31 There is no lack of moral abortions living at the same time in different strata of society, and in its different tendencies; without doubt, they represent more or less general types, but they do not present the sharpest and most characteristic aspects of their generation—the aspects which most express its intensiveness. Pisarev's Bazarov, in one sense, is to some degree the extreme type of what Turgenev called the sons, while the Kirsanovs are the most insignificant and vulgar representatives of the fathers. although the Manilovs and Sobakeviches existed right up to the time of our youth and exist today. Turgenev was more of an artist in his novel than people think and because of this he lost his way, and, in my view, this is very fortunate —he was going into one room, stumbled into another, but into a better one. What good would it have done to send Bazarov to London? The despicable Pisemsky did not stint on travel funds for his agitated monsters. 32 The influence of the Russian press in London from 1856 to the end of 1863—is not only a practical fact, but a historical one as well. It is impossible to erase it, it must be accepted. We, perhaps, would have proved to him, on the banks of the Thames, that it is possible, without attaining the rank of head of a department, to be of just as much use as any head of a department, that society is not always deaf and implacable when a protest strikes the right note, that the job sometimes does get done, that the Rudins and Bel'tovs sometimes do have the will and steadfastness and that, recognizing the impossibility of the action for which they were yearning, they gave up much, went to a strange land and "without fussing or bustling around" started to print Russian books and disseminate Russian propaganda. 30 Charles V, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, abdicated in 1555 and retired to a monastery [Editor]. 31 Characters in Gogol's Dead Souls [Editor]. 32 In Pisemsky's anti-nihilist novel The Agitated Sea (1863) "nihilists" come to London to confront Russian political emigrants with their ostensible failure to do something worthwhile [Editor]. In London, Bazarov would have seen that only from a distance does it seem as if we are waving our hands in the air, and that, actually, we are working with them. Perhaps he would have replaced his anger with favor and would have ceased to regard us "with reproach and mockery.” I openly admit that this throwing of stones at one's predecessors is repugnant to me. ... I repeat what I have said before. (My Past and Thoughts, volume IV): "I would like to save the younger generation from historical ingratitude and even from historical errors. It is time that father Saturn refrained from making a snack of his children, but it is also time that the children stop following the example of the Kamchadals who kill their old men." CRITICISM EDMUND WILSON [On Translating Turgenev] 33 The work of Turgenev has, of course, no scope that is comparable to Tolstoy's or Dostoevsky's, but the ten volumes collected by him for his edition of 1883 (he omitted his early poems) represent a literary achievement of the concentratedly "artistic" kind that has few equals in nineteenth-century fiction. There are moments, to be sure, in Turgenev novels—On the Eve and Virgin Soil—when they become a little thin or unreal, but none can be called a failure, and one cannot find a single weak piece, unless one becomes impatient with Enough, in the whole four volumes of stories. No fiction writer can be read through with a steadier admiration. Greater novelists are more uneven: they betray our belief with extravagances; they bore or they fall into bathos; they combine poetic vision with rubbish. But Turgenev hardly even skirts these failings, and he is never mediocre; his texture is as distinguished as his temperament. This texture barely survives in translation. Turgenev is a master of language; he is interested in words in a way that the other great nineteenth-century Russian novelists—with the exception of Gogol— are not. His writing is dense and substantial, yet it never marks time, always moves. The translations of Constance Garnett are full of omissions and errors; the translations of Isabel Hapgood do not omit, but are also full of errors and often extremely clumsy. Neither lady seems ever to have thought of taking the indispensable precaution of reading her version to a Russian holding the Russian text, who would at once have spotted the dropped-out negatives and the cases of one word mistaken for another. The translations of Turgenev into French—though some are by Mérimée and Turgenev himself—have a tendency to strip him down to something much barer and poorer. The task of translating this writer does present some impossible problems. "What an amazing language!" wrote Chekhov on rereading the story called The Dog. But this language will not reach the foreigner. How to render the tight little work of art that Turgenev has made of The Dog, narrated by an ex- hussar, with his colloquialisms, his pungent sayings, his terseness and his droll turns? And the problems of translating Turgenev are to some extent the problems of 33 Excerpt from "Turgenev and the Life-Giving Drop" from Turgenev's Literary Reminiscences by Edmund Wilson. Copyright ® 1957 by Edmund Wilson. Reprinted by permission of Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc. translating poetry. There is a passage in The Torrents of Spring—a tour de force of onomatopoeia—that imitates in a single sentence the whispering of leaves, the buzzing of bees and the droning of a solitary dove. This is probably a conscious attempt to rival the well-known passage in Virgil's First Eclogue and Tennyson's imitation of it: The moan of doves in immemorial elms, And murmuring of innumerable bees. But it would take another master to reproduce Turgenev's effects, just as it took a Tennyson to reproduce those of Virgil, and a Turgenev to compete with these. *** SIR ISAIAH BERLIN Fathers and Children: Turgenev and the Liberal Predicament 34 *** Young Man to Middle-Aged Man: 'You had content but no force.' Middle-Aged Man to Young Man: 'And you have force but no content.' From a contemporary conversation 35 This is the topic of Turgenev's most famous, and politically most interesting, novel Fathers and Children. It was an attempt to give flesh and substance to his image of the new men, whose mysterious, implacable presence, he declared, he felt about him everywhere, and who inspired in him feelings that he found difficult to analyse. There was', he wrote many years later to a friend, '—please don't laugh—some sort of fatum, something stronger than the author himself, something independent of him. I know one thing: I started with no preconceived idea, no "tendency"; I wrote naively, as if myself astonished at what was emerging.' Download 5.01 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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