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iv. Sensation 
Seeking 
: 
Sensation seeker is one personality 
characteristics. Individuals who are described as sensation seekers 
are ones who are highly impulsive, adventurous, seeks new 
experiences and gets bored quickly. These individuals seek 
exciting events having an element of risk in it. They are also less 
inhibited. According to Zuckerman such individuals are high in 
aggression. Those who are high in sensation seeking are found to 
be highly aggressive due to following reasons:
They experience anger and hostile feelings in higher amount 
as compared to others. 
Their emotions are easily aroused. 
They have lower thresholds for becoming angry. 
Moreover, their tendencies to get bored and to seek exciting 
new experiences may lead them to have more hostile 
thoughts. 
Joiereman et al (2003) found that those scoring high on sensation 
seeking were found to be high on verbal and physical aggression 
due to following reasons: 
High sensation seekers are generally attracted to situations that 
elicit aggression because they find such situations as exciting 
and appealing. 
They experience anger and hostility in higher proportions as 
compared to those who score lower on sensation seeking. 
They are also more likely to focus on immediate rather than 
delayed consequences of their behaviour.
v. Gender 
Differences 
: 
Research studies have shown that 
there are sex differences in aggression. Males are found to be 
more aggressive than females. Statistical data indicates that males 
are more likely than females to be arrested for violent acts. 

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Harris (1994) in his research study found that males have 
indulged in wide range of aggressive actions as compared to 
females. Some important research findings with respect to gender 
differences in aggression are as follows : 
a. Males are significantly more likely than females to aggress 
against others when the provocation for aggression was absent. 
b. Gender difference tends shrink or even disappears when there 
is provocation. 
c. Gender differences are also found with respect to types of 
aggression. Males are more likely than females to engage in 
various forms of physical aggression such as kicking, punching, 
hitting and use of weapons. On the other hand women are 
found to indulge more in verbal assaults. It has been further 
found that females engage in forms of aggression that make it 
difficult for victims to identify the aggressor or even to realize 
that they have been the targets of aggressive behaviour.
d. Males and females also differ with respect to one form of 
aggression called as sexual coercion. It involves words and 
deeds designed to overcome a partner’s objections to engaging 
in sexual behavior and they can range from verbal tactics such 
as false statements of love to threats of harm and actual 
physical force. It has been found (Mussweiler and Forster 2000, 
Hogben et al 2001) that males are far more likely to indulge in 
sexual coercion as compared to females. 
e. Research findings indicate that males are more likely than 
females to engage in various forms of direct aggression - 
actions aimed directly at the target and which clearly stem from 
the aggressor, e.g., physical assaults, pushing, shoving, 
throwing something at another person, shouting, making 
insulting remarks, etc. Females were found to indulge more in 
indirect forms of aggression - actions that allow the aggressor to 
conceal his/her identity from the victim, and which, in some 
cases, make it difficult for the victim to know that they have 
been the target of intentional harm doing. Such actions include: 
Spreading vicious rumors about the target person. 
Gossiping behind this person’s back 
Telling others not to associate with the intended victim,
Making up stories to get them in trouble, etc.