Microsoft Word Revised Syllabus Ver doc

Words with Complex Structures 
Some phrases may seem quite similar in structure, but because of terms having 
complex structures, the relationships between the parts turn out to be quite different. The 
phrases our beloved ruler, his old servant, and three good bakers would all seem to be quite 
similar in structure, but they actually go back to quite different kernels. The analysis of these 
three phrases are given below:- 
In our beloved ruler, the object (our) performs the event (beloved i.e., love), of which 
the goal is the object element in ruler. But this same object performs the event of ruling the 
first object, our. This may be paraphrased as “we love the one who rules over us.”
In his old servant, the first object (his) may be said to “command” or “direct” the 
object element in servant, but this same object also is the subject of the event of serving the 
first object (his). At the same time the abstract (old) may be described as attributive to the 
object contained in servant. It is also possible for old to designate the length of time during 
which the servicing was done or to specify that it was the one who served at a previous time, 
which case old is attributive to the event element in servant. 
In three good bakers, however, three qualifies the three objects, but good qualifies not 
the men but their capabilities in baking. 
As indicated above, one of the most effective ways to determine the underlying 
relationships between elements in a phrase is to go beneath the surface structure, by the 
process of back-transformation, and to determine what is the kernel from which the surface 
structure is derived. This provides the clearest and most unambiguous expression of the 
relationship.
Referential Meaning
Having analyzed the meaningful relationship between words, study of the meanings of 
the words or linguistic units themselves is required. Such a study must be divided into two 
parts: (1) the words as symbols, which refer to object, events, abstracts, relations (the 
referential meaning), and (2) the words as prompters of reactions of the participants in 
communication (the connotative meaning).