Microsoft Word Revised Syllabus Ver doc

Varieties of interference
One touchstone of a good translator is his sensitivity to interference, which affects 
terminology and language, the encyclopaedia as much as it does the dictionary. There are 
perhaps nine aspects of interference:
i)
Collocations or lexemes with similar form in SL and TL, but different meanings.
ii)
As above, but with the same meaning, and therefore to be translated 'straight' 
(therefore, strictly, non-interference!).
iii)
SL syntactic structures inappropriately superimposed on TL.
iv)
SL word order, or word phrase order, inappropriately reproduced
v)
Interference from third languages known to the translator.
vi)
Primary meaning of word interfering with appropriate contextual meaning.
vii)
Stylistic predilections of translator.

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viii)
The primary meaning of a word, interfering with an important secondary meaning, 
which is also not quite so close to the related word in the TL: 'Le chalutier 
beneficiera de douze jours et demi de repos par mois de mer, comme son camarde 
du commerce' - 'his counterpart in merchant ships'. (From Advance Non-literary 
Texts, Lecuyer and Virey).
ix)
The translator's idiolect, including his regional and social dialect.
When one is continuously aware of all these pitfalls, one is perhaps on the way to 
becoming a good translator. On the other hand, a good translation shows neither deliberate 
opposition nor subservience to interference; its language IS uncontaminated by it.
Connotation and denotation
Continuum, scale, balance, cline, pendulum, see-saw the translator's job finally 
consists of weighing one factor against another. Occasionally, he has to choose between the 
connotative and denotative semantic features of a lexical unit. The connotation for an 
educated middle-aged reader might be the eponymous title of Anatole France's novel; further, 
a kind of Hyde Park Corner, where fierce political opponents can discuss their differences. 
But the connotations of main peaceful, old, traditional, secluded, beautiful are more powerful. 
The denotation, however, is 'the elms in the public walks in certain towns'. But the rendering 
must be simple and uncluttered; the towns have to be abandoned.