Microsoft Word Revised Syllabus Ver doc

Conference
Conference in international relations is a useful device of diplomacy and originated in 
the 16th century. The prevailing tendency to call all major official meetings conferences and 
attempts to distinguish congresses from conferences on the ground of the rank of participants, 
the solemnity of the occasion or the importance of the agenda or of the results are scarcely 
tenable. The objective common to all of them at whatever level, is the promotion of the 
orderly and peaceful coexistence of states.  
Conferences are sometimes classified political or bargaining and non-political; 
legislative, diplomatic and technical; and periodic and ad hoc. Non-political conferences are 
subdivided into administrative, economic, humanitarian, social, communication, scientific, 
educational or cultural. Conferences may be called legislative if they result in the codification 
or development of international law, and diplomatic or technical depending on whether 
attended by diplomats or technical experts. Such, classification are merely of relative value as 
some conference, notably peace conferences, embrace a wide range of objectives and include 
diplomatic along with technical representatives.
Proposals to convene a conference are subject to consultation among the states 
concerned as to desirability, time, place, agenda, objectives and other preliminaries. There are 
no fixed rules regarding the place, although conferences usually meet in the territory of the 
inviting state.
Conference proceedings are recorded either in verbatim reports or In summaries. The 
former method is used for plenary sessions and the latter for committee debates. Verbatim 
and summary records are usually approved by the delegates before publication. Conference 
results are incorporated in treaties, conventions, declarations, recommendations or protocols. 
Sometimes a final act is adopted which summarizes the proceedings, lists the participating 
states and their representations, as well as the treaties and other acts of the conference.

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Interpreting
When a part of a text is important to the writer's intention, but insufficiently 
determined semantically, the translator has to interpret. In fact the cultural history of 
translation is full of example of such interpretation, misinterpretation, and distortion which 
may be due to the translator's incompetence as much as to the contemporary cultural climate. 
Translation is normally written in modem language, which is in itself a term of interpretation, 
and lexically at least (i.e., not grammatically, except in the distant past) a reflection of the TL 
culture. Most good translations are stamped by the translator's personality.
Interpretation presents the translator with a challenge. On particular, when he is faced 
with documents of a part age or of a geographically remote culture, he has to probe layers of 
lexical development; words as spirits, as myth as a people, as objects and symbols, as 
metaphors, as idioms; further interactions may be personified or refined.
Interpretative translation uses a semantic method of translation combined with high 
explanatory power, mainly in terms of the SL culture, with only a side glance at the TL 
reader. In fact the greater the explanatory if power the more the reader is likely to understand, 
but the translation must not 'Compromise' in his/her direction. Particularly in the case of 
interpretative translation of texts about the SL culture. But other texts which have important 
semantically undetermined passages of words e.g. mathematical texts or newspaper reports 
may require interpretation and be communicatively translated.